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SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


THE  BERNADOU,  ALLEN  AND  JOUY  COREAN  COL- 
LECTIONS IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 
NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


BY 


WALTER  HOUGH, 

Department  of  Ethnology,  U.  S.  National  Museum, 


From  the  Report  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1891. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  I RINTING  OFFICE. 
1893. 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


THE  BERNADOU,  ALLEN  AND  JOUY  COREAN  COL- 
LECTIONS IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 
NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


WALTER  HOUGH, 

Department  0/  Ethnology,  U.  S,  National  Museum, 


From  the  Rept  ..  t .■ 


W.\SHINGTON; 
governmknt  printing  office, 
1893. 


THE  BERNADOU,  ALLEN,  AND  JOUY  KOREAN  COLLECTIONS, 
IN  THE  U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

By  Walter  IIotgh. 


Korea  is  a ])eniusula,  with  an  area  of  about  90,000  square  miles,  the 
east  coast  being  formed  by  the  prolougatiou  of  the  coast  of  Asia  oppo- 
site Japan,  and  the  west  coast  separated  from  China  by  the  Yellow  Sea. 
On  the  north  it  is  separated  from  Manchuria  by  the  Yalu  and  Tiimen 
rivers. 

The  country  is  mountainous  and  not  very  fertile.  The  climate  is  mild 
in  the  southern  provinces,  and  severe  on  the  Manchurian  border.  The 
fauna  and  flora  are  temperate  and  resemble  those  of  Japan. 

The  coast  has  few  good  harbors,  and  is  extremely  dangerous  for  navi- 
gation on  account  of  shallow  water. 

Politically,  the  kingdom  is  divided  into  eight  provinces,  each  ruled 
over  by  a governor  appointed  by  the  King,  from  the  ruling  class,  and 
responsible  for  the  administration  of  attairs.* 

There  are  also  four  independent  provinces,  to  which  governors  are 
appointed.  There  are  about  four  hundred  subgovernors,  or  magistrates, 
of  distri(;ts,  also  appointed  from  Seoul.  It  is  estimated  by  Soh,  a native 
Korean,  that  tliere  are  eighty  thousand  (fovernment  ofticers  in  Korea. 

The  population  is  variously  estimated  at  from  1 1,000,000  to  28,000,000; 
the  former  tigure  is  probably  nearer  the  truth. 

The  people,  in  language  and  ai)])earance,  resemble  the  Jai)auese,  and 
form  what  is  known  as  the  Koreo-Japaiiese  stock,  whose  origin  is  Man- 
churia, which  country  has  been  aptly  termed  the  “swarming  place  of 
nations.’ 

Tliree  tyi>es  liave  b<;en  observed  in  Korea,  the  first  characterized  by 
short  stature,  yellow  skin,  and  other  resemblances  to  the  Chinese. 
These  live  in  the  Yellow  Sea  provinces  (Kwang-hai)  nearest  to  China. 
Tlie  second  type  is  also  of  short  stature,  swarthy  skin,  sparse  beard, 
and  resembles  the  Japanese.  The  third  type,  wliich  is  in  great  majority 
and  may  be  taken  as  tyi)ically  Korean,  is  of  large  stature,  light  skin 
showing  ruddy  color  in  the  cheeks,  and  has  a tendency  to  high  cheek 

* t or  ill!  oxcellentskctcli  ot  the  laws  and  (‘iistinis  of  Korea,  sec  an  article  hy  Mr.  W. 
W.  Kockhill,  in  the  American  Authropolo^ist,  Vol.  iv,  18‘Jl,  pp.  177-187. 

12‘J 


430 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 


boues,  long  face  ami  heavy  sfiuare  jaw,  black  hair,  .sometinic.s  wavy, 
and  full  beard.  This  type  is  found  in  the  north  province  Ham-Kinug- 
do,  and  in  the  extreme  soutli,  in  Kiiuig-s.  n do.* 

“Among  the  gentry  it  is  by  no  means  uncommon  to  meet  almost  an 
English  face,  with  round  cheeks,  small,  miuiline  nose,  well-cut  mouth 
and  chin.  Even  a bright  blue  eye  is  not  unknown,  and  the  hair  is  by 
no  means  invariably  pure  blaek.”t 

Korean  cities  are  surrounded  with  heavy  battlemented  walls  of 
squared  masonry  studded  with  portholes,  but  without  cannon,  and  hav- 
ing gateways  of  woodwork  and  tile.  In  every  respect  the  fortifications 
resemble  those  of  Chinese  cities.  (I’l.  ii.)  There  are  many  strongly 
fortified  hill  towns  for  refuge  of  the  people  during  invasions.  Villages 
are  often  fortified.  Outside  of  the  villages  are  the  pastiu’es  and  farms. 
(PI.  III.) 

The  houses  are  low,  of  one  story,  thatched  with  straw  or  with  tiled 
roofs.  They  are  of  stone,  and  in  point  of  stability  excel  those  of  the 
Japanese,  who  necessarily  build  with  regard  to  earthquakes.  Hewn 
masonry  is  common,  but  the  walls  are  usually  laid  up  of  unhewn  stone, 
tied  with  millet  stalks  before  the  spaces  are  filled  with  mud.  The 
windows  are  few  in  number,  square,  covered  with  paper,  and  run  in 
grooves;  outside  they  are  protected  by  heavy  shutters.  The  roof  is 
very  lieaA’y,  with  low  iiitch,  but  does  not  turn  up  at  the  eaves  like  the 
Chinese  roof.  The  massive  beams  which  support  the  roof  lose  one- 
third  of  their  value  by  being  ])ared  away  at  the  ends  to  fit  into  sock- 
ets cut  in  the  top  of  wooden  pillars.  The  brick  and  stone  work  between 
the  pillars  do  not  give  much  suiiport  to  the  roof.t  A small  city-house 
would  be  built  in  the  .shape  of  an  L on  two  sides  of  a courtyard.  A 
heavy  wall  separates  each  house  from  its  neighbor.  The  entrance  from 
the  street  is  into  a lobby,  on  either  side  of  which  is  the  kitchen  and 
store  room.  The  sleeping  and  living  rooms  open  into  a wide  hall  or 
onto  a piazza  which  runs  along  the  side  next  the  yard.  Larger  houses 
are  more  complicated,  but  they  preserve  the  hall  and  piazza  feature. 
Often  a i)ortion  of  the  house  is  made  of  wood  and  used  only  in  summer. 

Houses  are  heated  by  the  kang,  which  consists  of  wedge-shaped 
flues  under  the  stone  floor,  leading  into  a chimney.  Farmers’  huts  are 
j)oor  structures  of  stone,  with  the  straw  roof  held  down  by  a lacing  of 
ropes  and  with  the  inevitable  gourd  vine  climbing  over  it.  (PI.  iv.) 

There  are  three  classes  of  people  in  Korea:  (1)  nobles;  (2)  middle 
class,  consisting  of  doctors,  painters,  interpreters,  scribes,  and  lower 
officials;  (3)  lower  class,  consisting  of  those  who  do  manual  labor.  In 
the  lowest  rank  of  the  last-mentioned  class  are  butchers  and  tanners. 
The  bulk  of  the  population  are  farmers  (PI.  v),  who  raise  little  more 

*Ldoii  de  Ro.sny : Les  Coreeus.  Aper^u  ethiiograpliique  et  bistori(iue,  Paris,  1886, 
1 vol.,  p.  90. 

t W.  R.  Carles : Recent  Journey. s in  Korea,  Proe.  Roy.  Ueog.  Soe.,  May,  1886,  p.  89. 

t Carles,  loc.  cit. 


V - 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  II. 


Seoul,  the  Capital  of  Korea. 

View  of  the  city  wall  and  North  Mountain,  from  the  street  upon  which 
the  United  States  legation  is  situated.  “The  walls  of  Seoul,  like  tho.se  of 
Chinese  cities,  are  of  stone,  battlemented,  with  heavy  gateways  of  wood 
work  and  tile ; the  walls  are  studded  with  portholes,  but  there  are  no 
cannon.”  \V.  R.  Carles:  Recent  Journeys  in  Korea;  Proc.  Roy.  Geog. 

Soc.,  May,  1886. 

(From  a photograph  by  P.  L.  Jouy  in  the  IT.  S.  National  Museum.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  II 


View  of  Seoul,  the  Capital  of  Korea. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  III. 

Korean  Village  near  Fusan. 

This  village  is  made  up  of  small  houses  with  thatch  and  tile  roofs.  It  is 
surrounded  by  walls.  Back  of  the  village  are  farms.  The  lower  picture 
shows  the  beach  and  the  rude  fishing  boats. 

(From  a pliotograph  by  P.  L.  Jouy  in  the  TJ . S.  National  Museum.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891.— Hough. 


Plate  III. 


Two  Views  of  a Korean  Village  near  Fusan. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IV 
Korean  Farmers’  Houses. 

The  houses  are  rather  strongly  huilt  of  stones  set  in  mud;  the  roof  is  of 
thatch  held  down  by  a lacing  of  ropes  over  which  a gourd  vine  usually 
clamhers.  The  interior  arrangement  is  simple,  and  there  is  always  a square 
window. 

(From  a photograph  by  P.  L.  Jouy  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891, — Hough. 


Plate  IV, 


Korean  Farmers’  Houses. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  V. 

Old  Korean  Farmer. 

In  this  plate  is  shown  thecostnme,  and  the  method  of  dressing  the  hair. 
Tlie  fnll  beard  is  characteristic  of  the  pare  Korean.  He  is  smoking  the 
inv'ariably  long  pil)e  and  leans  on  a staff. 

(From  a photograi>li  by  !’•  L.  Jouy  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891 Hough. 


Plate  V 


Old  Korean  Farmer 


KOREAN  COLJ.ECTION.S  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


431 


than  is  miuiied  for  lioine  coiisiiiniRion  and  the  paymout  of  the  hij>ii 
taxes.  Caste  is  very  stronj*'  in  Korea.  Tlie  oecupations  of  the  people 
are  somewhat  limited.  The  [tedlars  form  a mimerous  and  intluential 
guild,  and  many  children  are  engaged  in  this  business.  (PI.  vi.) 

Mechanics,  artisans,  and  tinkers,  each  with  his  peculiar  outlit,  are 
numerous  in  Korea,  as  in  China.  (PI.  vii.) 

The  yearly  civil  sei  vice  examinations  bring  together  great  nnmbcrs 
of  .students  (PI.  viii)  to  the  capital  city.  The  examinations  are  con- 
ducted like  those  of  China,  and  the  siujcessful  competitors  are  sure  of 
official  promotion. 

“Korean  women  have  neither  legal  nor  .social  .standing.”* 

Except  servants  (PI.  ix),  who  go  about  bai  eheaded,  the  faces  of  the 
women  in  Korea  are  invisible.  Women  of  the  middle  class  when  walk- 
ing throw  the  coat,  Avith  sleeves,  over  the  head,  concealing  the  face.  (See 
female  costume,  p.  450.) 

In  the  palace  there  are  numerous  serving  women  who  also  embroider 
and  sew;  their  costume  and  coitfure  are  shown  in  PI.  x.  A Korean 
lady  is  shown  in  PI.  xr.  It  is  highly  probable  that  a closer  acquaint- 
ance with  Korean  laws  and  customs  vill  show  that  women,  seemingly 
hampered  by  oriental  ideas,  are  really  of  greater  importance  as  a 
“ power  behind  the  throne  ” than  has  been  suspected. 

“Among  other  inheritances  from  China  Confucianism  has  effectively 
l»ermeated  Korea.  Buddhism  .seems  not  to  have  gained  much  of  a 
foothold  in  Korea  and  is  almost  entirely  under  ban  at  pre.sent.  It  has 
often  been  observed  that  Koreans  have  little  religious  sentiment. 
Buddhism  in  Koreans,  curiously  enough  to  my  mind,  much  less  like  the 
form  of  that  religion  obtaining  in  China,  at  lea.st  in  the  church  cere- 
monies, if  not  its  dogmas,  than  is  even  the  Japane.se.  It  pi’esents 
many  curious  analogies  with  the  Thibetan  form  of  Buddhism,  and  m the 
style  of  chui-ch  architecture,  painting,  etc.,  it  has  certainly  been  in- 
tluenc.ed  by  it.  Several  of  the  feasts  ar<^  probably  of  Buddhist  origin; 
others  are  Chine.se  or  Japanese;  but  in  most  of  them  a certain  indig- 
enous element  is  perceptible  which  makes  them  woi  thy  of  our  notice. 
The  ])rominence  given  to  exorci.smsin  Korea  is  characteri.stic  of  Lama- 
ism,  but  in  no  wise  of  Chine.se  Buddhism,  and  may  have  been  intro- 
duced with  the  Buddhist  religion,  although  I am  inclined  to  believe 
that  it  is  coeval  with  the  earliest  existence  of  this  peoph^.”t 

Mr.  Carles,  in  his  e.xcellent  account  of  his  travel  in  Korea,  says:  “Of 
sui>erstitious  observances  there  an*  many,  mostly  the  outgrowth  of 
Taoism.  Shrines  to  the  spirit  of  the  mountains,  with  cairns  to  which 
stones  are  added  by  passers  by,  stand  at  the  toj)  of  almost  every  ridge 
crossed  by  mountain  ]>aths;  trees  and  bushes  often  have  their  branches 
laden  with  cotton  streamers;  stones  oi'  fo.s.sils  of  unu.sual  shape  are 

* P.  Lowell:  C'lio.son,  ]>.  151.  In  elia])tcr  xv  oftliis  work  apix'ars  a (•om|)l<‘t(‘  .state- 
ment of  woman’H  )>osition  in  the  .social  economy  of  Korea. 

t W.  W.  Kockliill : Law.s  and  Un.stom.s  of  Korea,  Am.  Anthrop.  Aiiril,  ISitl. 


432 


KEP(J1{T  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891.  j 

l)laced  in  the  .shrines, ami  where  hollows  liave  been  worn  l)ythe  weather 
in  .sloping  I'oeks  by  tlie  roadside,  every  little  cavity  is  frequently  oeeu  ■ 
pied  by  a stone  placed  there  by  suj»pliantsfor  a fair  journey;  grotesciuely  i 
carved  hgiires  called  syou-sal-inaki  are  erected  at  the  entrance  of  vil-  | 
lages  to  ward  off  the  evil  spirits.  Taoi.st  i)iiest.s  offer  prayers  to  the  | 
mountain  spirits  for  travelers.  Evidences  of  some  other  religion  exists  ^ 
in  the  whicli  are  half  length  human  figures (mii  iok) carved  in  stone.  The  ! 
largest  are  in  IJni-jin,  near  the  Keum  Itiver  in  Cholla do. 

Lieut.  <1.  (J.  Foidk,  U.  S.  Navy,  photograi)hed  the  body  and  head  of 
a figure  (i2  feet  high,  the-  ca])  differing  from  the  Buddhist  figures.  The  } 
caj)  is  a column  10  feet  high  supporting  a .slab  of  the  same  height;  a ' 
similar  column  and  slab  is  ])laced  above  the  latter;  bells  hang  from  the  \ 
corners  of  the  slabs.  There  are  two  mirioks  between  Ko-yang  and  1 
Pha-ju  25  feet  high.  One  has  a round  hat  and  the  other  a square  one, 
showing,  according  to  Mr.  ^Vston,  that  the  former  is  to  repre.sent  heaven, 
or  the  male  element  of  Chinese  philosophy;  the  latter,  earth,  or  the 
female  element.* 

Perhaps  the  fir.st  ethnological  collection  ever  brought  to  the  West 
from  Korea  was  a wisely  cho.sen  .series  of  art  products,  to  illustrate 
.social  and  industrial  life  in  Korea,  sent  to  the  U.  S.  National  Museum 
by  Eu.sign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  P.  8.  Navy,  in  1<S84.  With  this  nucleu.s, 
and  the  addition  of  the  tine  collection  of  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen,  .secretary  of 
the  Korean  legation  at  Seoul;  a series  deposited  by  Mr.  P.  L.  Jouy,  and 
the  gifts  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Bockhill,  Mr.  (lustavus  Goward  and  others,  the  \ 
collection  has  grown  in  importance  and  interest.  1 

The  collection  has  been  explained  and  studied  by  Ensign  Bernadou, 
three  Korean  gentlemen  in  Washington  (Pom  K.  Soli,  Dr.  Philip  Jai- 
solin,  and  the  late  Penn  Su),  Dr.  11.  N.  Allen,  iMr.  W.  W.  Kockhill,  Mr. 

P.  L.  Jouy,  Kev.  W.  E.  Griffis,  and  others,  to  whom  the  compiler  is 
grateful  for  information  and  suggestions. 

Great  interest  centers  in  Korea  from  the  fact  that  “ we  have  there  a ] 
a human  exemplification  of  the  survi\  al  of  the  whole  genera  of  indus-  ' 
tries  and  customs,  while  in  surrounding  regions  these  have  been  swept  i 
away  or  transformed,”!  for  the  reason  that  Korea  pursued  a policy  of  ! 
complete  isolation  for  many  centuries  and  has  preserved  the  customs  j 
of  the  T’ang  and  Ming  dynasties  of  China  over  four  hundred  years  • 
ago.  j 

The  peninsrda  of  Korea,  ‘‘  like  Cyprus,  between  Egypt  and  Greece, 
forms  the  link  between  the  Chinese  and  the  Japanese  civilization — the 
old  and  the  new.”|:  1 

The  collections  to  be  de.scribed  are  rendered  more  intelligible  by  | 
keeping  this  connection  in  mind.  j 

* tv.  K.  Carle.s;  Kecent  .Journeys  in  Korea.  Proe.  Koy.  Geog.  Soe.,  May,  1886,  p.  | 
310. 

t ITof.  O.  T.  Mason:  Science,  a iii,  Aug.  1886,  p.  11.5. 

tW.  E.  Griffi.s:  Korea,  Without  and  Within.  Phila.,  p.  23.  I 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VI. 


(On  the  left.) 

Boy  Peddlers.  The  boy  with  the  square  box  sells  candy,  or  tobacco,  and  the  boy 
with  carrying  frame  and  large  basket  on  his  back  sells  vegetables.  These 
peddlers  are  omnipre.sent  in  Korea. 


(On  the  right.) 

Group  of  Boys.  Children  of  a poor  family. 

(From  a photograph  hy  P.  L.  Jouy  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  VI 


Korean  Boy  Peddlers  and  Group  of  Boys. 


If-  r 


- ./• 

^ ' 

# 

. & 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VII. 


(On  the  left.) 

Korean  Tub  Mender.  On  the  carrying-frame  he  has  hoops  of  bamboo,  a saw,  and 
a bag  containing  awls,  knives,  etc.,  necessary  for  his  craft. 

(On  the  right.) 

Candy  Seller.  The  box  is  carried  in  a primitive  way,  by  a rope  passing  over  the 
back  of  the  neck. 

(From  a photograph  by  I*.  L.  Jouy  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.) 


Plate  Vil. 


! 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Korean  Tub  Mender  and  Candy  Seller. 


% 


I!*  A 


1 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VIII. 


Korean  Students  and  Gentlemen. 

The  national  costume  of  Korea  is  uniformly  white,  and  is  somewhat 
monotonous  and  cumbersome.  The  figure  on  the  left  of  the  group  is  in 
mourning  costume. 

(Trom  a photograph  by  P.  L.  Jouy  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.) 


C^T^LOGTJE. 


AGRICULTURE  AND  ALLIED  INDUSTRIES. 

Korea  is  strictly  an  agricultural  country.  The  gi-ains  raised,  samples 
of  which  were  sent  by  Ensign  Bernadou,  are: 

(1)  Millet,  Ki-tjann,  grown  everywhere  in  Korea  and  used  both  as 
food  aud  to  make  a fermented  drink.  A larger  variety  of  millet  called 
tjo  is  common  and  plentiful  in  monntainous  districts  aud  is  a staple  foi’ 
the  poor. 

(2)  Sorghum,  noii-sox  (Holeus  sorghum).  The  seeds  of  a siiecies  of 
sorghum  used  by  the  i)oor. 

(3)  Barley,  pori,  is  grown  in  all  ])arts  of  tlie  country. 

(4)  Eye. 

(5)  Kice,  moip-imal,  is  a staple.  The  variety  called  tchap-sml  is  used 
in  making  cakes  of  dough  of  which  the  Koreans  are  fond;  also,  it  is 
fermented  to  make  soul  or  wine  like  the  -lapauese  soli.  The  Koreans 
find  it  not  so  good  for  the  table  as  common  rice,  since  it  does  not 
readily  become  soft  by  boiling  and  does  not  expand  so  greatly. 

Wheat  and  oats  are  raised. 

Many  vegetables  are  raised,  chief  among  which  are  beans  (put)  and 
p(;as  (koiif/),  the  latter  fed  to  hoi-ses,  radishes,  cucumbers,  melons,  tur- 
nips, yams,  cabbage  and  sprout  plants,  etc. 

The  fruits  are  cluuTies,  rasi)beriies,  blackberries,  ap])les,  ])eaches, 
j)lums, pears,  ai>ric<>ts,  quinces,  mulberries,  persimmons, oranges,  lemons, 
]»omegranates,  grai)es,  and  dates. 

The  princij)al  nuts  are  chestnuts,  walnuts,  and  the  water  nut  called 
in  China  liu(f  {Trajta  hicontis). 

Flowers  are  little  cultivated,  the  Koreans  not  being  proficient  in 
oruamental  and  recreative  horticulture. 

There  ar<^  laws  compelling  the  i)lanting  and  inotection  of  tre»“s,  such 
as  lac(pier,  mulberry,  and  pine  trees.  The  country  has  been  almost  de- 
forested. 

The  domestic  animals  are  the  horse,  cattle,  swine,  ])oultry,  dogs,  and 
rabbits.  Sheep  and  goats  are  not  found  in  Korea. 

The  wild  animals  are  the  tiger,  leopard,  deer,  bear,  fox,  wild  boar, 
aud  a number  of  animals  hunted  for  tin*  fur,  such  as  the  seal  and  rat- 
like animals.* 

* See  (iriliis : Korea,  i>.  2115. 


SM  Ul,  PT  2 28 


133 


434 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 

MARINE  AND  FISHERIES. 

FRESH-WATER  FISHING. 

Cant  hook  (Sanj^-sun-que-min-soe).  Wrouglit-iron  liook  pivoted  to 
an  npiiglit  iron  fa.steniug  into  a socket  in  the  end  of  a pole.  The 
lower  end  of  the  hook  is  formed  into  a ring,  to  which  a cord  was  j 
attached.  Superior  iron  work. 

I>ciigtli,  iiiclu's. 

St'oiil,  Korea.  151602 

Uolleetetl  by  P.  L.  .louy. 

l'se<l  Oil  the  Han  River  for  <lraggiiiu'  tiish  out  of  a net. 

MANUFACTURES  AND  OTHER  ELABORATIVE  INDUSTRIES.  I 

POTTERY  AND  ITS  MANUFACTURE — THE  CERAMIC  ART. 

Korea,  now  known  to  the  Koreans  as  Cho-son,  was  foimerly  called  by 
them  Korai.  The  Kingdom  of  Korai  ceased  to  exist  just  live  hundred 
years  ago ; during  its  existence  the  potter’s  art  tiourished.  The  best 
ware  was  made  at  the  city  of  Song-do,  the  ancient  caitital.  After  the 
foundation  of  the  Kingdom  of  Cho-son,  the  people  of  Seoul,  the  new 
capital,  and  the  people  of  Song-do  were  for  a long  time  bitter  enemies 
during  the  civil  war  about  the  year  1400.  From  this  cause  the  manu- 
facture of  })ottery  at  Song-do  declined  until  the  Japanese  invasion  of 
1597,  when  the  work  ended  on  the  transplanting  of  the  imtters  to  Japan, 
and  may  b(>  said  to  never  have  lieen  l esnmed  at  that  city. 

“ The  ])ottery  in  common  use  in  Korea  at  the  present  time  consists 
of  three  kinds;  the  tinestof  white,  pale  bud",  or  bluish  porcelain,  some 
times  decorated  in  blue  and  with  a high  glaze,  is  used  for  the  table  and 
consists  of  dishes,  bowls,  and  bottles,  also  wash  basins;  the  second  | 
(piality  is  a iiale-yellow  ware,  glazed,  mostly  made  into  bowls,  un-  I 
decorated  and  used  by  the  poorer  classes,  * * * TPe  third  style  of 

pottery  is  of  the  commonest  kind,  made  of  dark  brown  or  reddish  earth,  ' 
is  glazed  inside  and  out,  and  has  little  or  no  decoration  except  a wavy  j 
line  produced  by  wiping  oif  the  glaze,  leaving  the  lighter  under  surface  ' 
to  show  through,”* 

Color  decoration  on  Korean  pottery  was  revived  about  ten  years  ago.  t I 

Mainly  the  heavier  forms  survive;  the  source  of  these  wares  are  the  I 
tondis,  in  which  it  was  customary  from  time  immemorial  to  place  pot- 
tery for  the  use  of  the  ancestral  spirits.  While  the  better  class  of  ware  j 
was  not  generally  buried,  it  is  probable  that  the  tombs  of  the  kings, 
which  date  back  over  three  thousand  years  (Soh),  and  are  well  known 
in  Korea,  contain  materials  for  the  history  of  art  in  the  peninsula,  and  ^ 
may  prove  that  porcelain  was  invented  by  Korean  potters. 


*]'.  1^.  .Jolly:  Korean  Mortuary  Pottery.  Smith-son.  Kejit.  11,  1888,  p.  591, 
t P.  Lowell:  CboBon,  p.  171. 


Tj>^.  l-^-  > "(S'  tJ?  ' S"'  ~ "’fiV*  'Sri^/ta  i ’>' »’^r  l ' ,,jT^ 

g^-  r^- ''  ■''•**<  ■ , '^'  ^ -1 


• . * ^ n 


•t 


: ».  5T  % ff! 


ii 


.V 


r?.x 

► • ‘ 

!r 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IX. 


Korean  Women  of  Lower  Class. 

A servant  and  nurse;  probably  the  wife  of  a farm  laborer.  The  type  of 
face  is  Tungusie,  with  high  cheek  bones  and  a slight  tendency  to  an 
oblique  setting  of  the  eyelids.  Color,  dark ; stature,  medium.  The  cos- 
tume is  the  ancient  one  prescribed  for  Korean  mothers.  (See  female  cos- 
tume, p.  431.) 

(From  a photograph  by  P.  L.  Jouy  in  the  U.  S.  National  Maseam.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  IX, 


Korean  Servants, 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  X. 

Korean  Serving  Woman  in  the  Palace. 

In  summer  costume.  The  hair  is  dressed  in  the  fashion  peculiar  to  court 
ladies.  The  coat  is  always  white  and  the  skirt  blue.  Only  the  royal 
family  wear  red  garments  in  the  palace. 

(From  a photograph  by  P.  L.  Jouy  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  X. 


Korean  Serving  Woman  in  the  Palace. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XI. 

Korean  Lady. 

Tlie  costume  is  that  of  a married  woman,  and  consists  of  a blue  silk  skirt 
and  jacket.  The  cap  is  ornamented  with  a perforated  jade-disk  overlaid 
with  a network  of  gold  rings,  and  having  a tassel  of  silk.  The  necklace 
is  made  of  heads  molded  of  sweet-smelling  spices  and  gums,  somewhat 
after  the  style  of  the  rose-leaf  beads  worn  by  Turkish  ladies.  The  gloves 
are  a recent  addition  to  the  native  Korean  dress. 

(From  a photograph  iu  the  U.  S.  National  Musernn.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XI. 


Korean  Lady. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  435 


Finer  siiecimeiis  of  Korean  pottery  are  to  be  found  in  Japanese  muse- 
ums and  in  various  eollections.  Japanese  wares  seem  to  owe  their 
exeellence  to  Korean  potters.* 

The  glazed  wares  of  the  Song-do  potteries,  to  be  described,  are  seem- 
ingly x>rotoi)oreelain,  judging  from  the  paste,  which  is  evidently  kao- 
linic.  This  variety  of  heavy  (jeladou,  or  ohve-colored  ware,  has  been 
dug  u[)  from  graves  in  Kiuug-ju  or  Kiou-chiii,  the  ca])ital  city  of  the 
ancient  Kingdom  of  Silla,  which  existeJl  through  one  thoiisaud  years 
l)re\ious  to  1000  A.  1). 

Korean  pe-chuii  (sky  color)  ware  was  much  esteemed  by  the  Chinese, 
and  there  is  a Chinese  poem  dating  from  tlie  latter  part  of  the  Sung,  or 
beginning  of  the  Ming  dynasty,  setting  forth  the  impossibility  of  imi- 
tating the  pc-c/<«H  of  Korean  pottery.  The  x)oem  begins,  ^‘■KaoU  pe-chun- 
ju,'”  “ Korean  sky-color  i)orcelain ; ” ja  being  the  Chinese  yao  or  porce- 
lain. (Soil.) 

The  mortuary  pottery  collection  of  Mr,  P.  L.  Jouy  was  found  in 
ancient  graves,  containing  also  objects  of  copper,  bronze,  and  stone. 
The  pottery  is  of  an  early  ty^ie  of  uuglazed  and  slightly  glazed  {veniis) 
earthenware,  of  archaic  shape.  Some  of  the  objects  were  modeled  by 
hand,i)atted  into  shape  by  an  instrument,  thrown  on  a wheel;  or,  a com- 
bination of  these  methods  was  used.! 

The  Korean  iiotter’s  Avheel  consists  of  a circular  table  from  2 to  J feet 
in  diameter  and  4 to  d inches  thick,  made  of  heavy  wood  so  as  to  aid  in 
giving  impetus  to  it  when  revolving.  In  general  aiipearance  it  is  not 
very  unlike  a modeler's  table.  This  arrangement  is  sunken  into  a de- 
liression  in  the  ground,  and  revolveseasilybymeansof  small  wheels  work- 
ing on  a track  underneath,  the  table  being  jiivoted  in  the  center.  The 
wheel  is  operated  directly  by  the  foot,  without  the  aid  of  a treadle  of 
any  kind.  Tlie  potter  sits  squatting  in  front  of  the  wheel,  bis  bench 
or  seat  on  a level  with  it,  the  sjiace  being  left  between  his  seat  and  the 
wlieel  to  facilitate  his  movements.  Witli  his  left  foot  uuderneath  him 
he  extends  his  right  foot  and  strikes  the  side  of  the  wheel  with  the  bai’e 
sole  of  the  foot,  causing  it  to  revolve.t 

Stoneware  dish  (Koriu-ji-jub-si).  Dark  gray  paste  containing  air- 
holes. Slij),  dull  greenish  gray.  Shaped  like  a shallow  saucer 
with  a low  foot;  it  maybe  a rude  cup  stand.  Sliji  corroded  by 
long  Imrial.  PI.  xii.  Fig.  1,  uiqier  line  (commencing  at  tlie  left). 

* W.  E.  (iritiis : The  Korean  origin  of  .Japanese  art,  Srribner's  Monthly,  Dee.,  1S82. 

tl’.  L.  Jony,  Ivorean  Mortuary  Pottery.  Smithson.  Kept,  ii,  1888,  j).  591.  ‘‘Mr.  P. 

L.  .lony,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  eoutributed  a eollection  from  the  prehistoric  graves 
in  Korea,  in  which  are  included  stone  daggers,  arrow  and  spear  heads,  knives,  chipped 
and  i)olished  hatchets,  jtolished  jade,  megatama  or  curved  jewels,  amber  heads,  and  a 
jmlished  stone  ornament.  • » * • They  are  a valuable  contribution  to  prehistoric 
archaiology.”  (Plate  VI.)  Heport  on  the  department  of  prehistoric  anthropology  in 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1889.  He]>ort  of  the  National  Museum,  1888,  i>.  330. 

;P.  L.  Jouy.  The  Korean  Potter’s  wheel.  Seieuee,  Sept.  21,  1888,  p.  144. 


436 


RKPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891, 


Stoneware  dish — Continued. 

Hcifjht,  11  inches;  diameter,  4^  inches. 

Siing-do,  Korea.  121615 

Collected  hy  Ensijiii  .1.  R.  Bernadoii,  U.  S.  Navy. 

From  the  ancient  i)otteries  at  Song-do. 

Wine  bottle  (Ivoriu-gi-binng).  Heavy  ve.ssel  with  neck.  Ha-sa  light 
yellowisli  granular  j)aste,  not  very  liard;  covered  with  an  opales- 
cent .slip  showing  yellow  sp'ots  suid  dark  brown  jtits.  PI.  xii,  Fig.  2, 
upper  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  10  inelies;  diameter,  61  inches;  height  of  neck,  .3^  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  121614 

Collected  hy  Ensign  .1,  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

This  specimen,  though  prohahly  four  hundred  years  old,  does  not  differ 
greatly  in  shape  from  the  pottery  now  made.  Dug  up  in  Seoul. 

Wine  bottle  (Sul-biung).  Heavy  terra-cotta  ware,  covered  with  vit- 
reous crackled  enamel  of  a beautiful  greenish-gray  tint  (celadon  or 
olive  color).  Jug-.shai)ed  body;  neck,  a long  tube  with  bulbous  ex- 
pansion midwaj'.  Short  spout  near  the  top  of  the  body.  Capacity, 
about  2 (piarts.  PI.  xii,  Fig.  4,  up])(‘r  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  121  inches;  neck,  61  inches;  diameter  of  body;  4f  inches;  of  base.  3 
inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  121612 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

This  bottle  is  an  obsolete  form  of  about  the  twelfth  century.  Fine  old  spec- 
imens like  this  are  valued  equally  with  real  porcelain.  Pottery  of  this  class 
is  also  interestimr  as  hinting  at  the  origin  of  Satsuma  ware. 

Wine  cup  and  stand  (Koriu-.sul-tjan  and  tjan-tai).  Ancient  piece 
of  earthenware,  rudely  glazed.  Stand,  a shallow  dish  with  rest  in 
center  in  which  sets  the  cnj).  Cup  represents  the  lotus  flower; 
lower  portion  of  cu])  ])rolonged  to  fit  in  cup  stand.  Glaze  corroded 
by  age.  PI.  xii,  Fig.  1,  lower  litie  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Height  of  stand,  If  iuch«‘s:  diameter,  5f  inches.  Height  of  cup,  2|  inches; 
diameter,  34  inches. 

86ng-do,  Korea.  121616 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  8.  Navy. 

This  is  mortuary  ])ottery  from  a tomb  near  the  ancient  capital  of  Korea. 
From  the  shape  and  design  it  is  believed  by  Koreans  to  be  not  less  than  si.v 
hundred  years  tdd.  Conception  and  general  outline  good.  Probably  used  in 
ancestor  worship. 

Boavl  (Koriu-gi).  Paste,  coarse,  opaque;  under  the  micro.scojte  it 
shows  white,  porcelanous  strings,  surrounding  granular,  yellowish 
masses;  there  are  occasional  brown  patches.  Glaze,  thin  yellow- 
ish green,  patchy,  vitreous,  and  crackled.  Color  of  ware,  olive. 
Xo  evidences  of  use,  as  this  bowl  was  dug  from  a tomb.  PI.  xii. 
Fig.  2,  lower  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  2f  inches;  diameter,  5J  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130866 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  X.  Allen. 

This  bowl  is  of  medium  quality,  and  has  the  shape  of  common  ware.  It  is 
about  six  hundred  years  old.  Modern  Korean  potters  can  not  imitate  the  color. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XII. 


Pottery  of  the  Korean  Period;  about  915  to  1400  A.  D. 

(Upper  Hue,  commencing  at  the  left.) 

Fig.  1.  Stonkwake  Dish.  Dark  grayjiaste;  greenish  gray  .slip;  corroded  by  long 
burial.  Height,  1^  inches ; diameter,  4f  inches.  (Cat.  No.  121615,  U.  S. 
N.  M.  Song-do,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

Fig.  2.  Wink  Bottle.  Heavy,  yellowish,  granular  paste;  not  very  hard;  opales- 
cent slip,  showing  yellow  sjiots  and  dark  brown  pits.  Height,  10  inches; 
tliameter,  6^  inches ; length  of  neck,  31  inches.  (Cat.  No.  121614,  U.  S.  N.  M. 
Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

Fig.  3.  Wine  Bottle.  Heavy  terra-cotta  ware,  covered  with  a vitreous,  crackled 
enamel  of  a greenish  gray  tint.  Height,  121  inches;  diameter  of  body, 
4J  inches;  diameter  of  base,  3 inches;  length  of  neck,  61  inches.  (Cat.  No. 
121612,  F.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou, 
V.  S.  N.) 

(Lower  line,  commencing  at  the  left.) 

Fig.  1.  Wine  Cui*  anu  St.\nd.  Earthenware;  rudely  glazed.  Glaze  corroded  by 
age  and  burial  in  the  earth.  Height  of  stanil.  If  inches;  diameter,  5f 
inches.  Height  of  cup,  21  inches;  diameter,  31  inches.  (Cat.  No.  121616, 
U.  S.  N.  M.  Siing-do,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  .J.  B.  Bernadou,  U. 
S.  N.) 

Fig.  2.  Bowl.  Paste  coarse;  opaque;  under  the  microscope  shows  white,  porcela- 
neous  strings  surrounding  granular  yellowish  masses  with  occasional  brown 
])atches.  Glaze  thin,  yellowish  green,  patchy,  vitreous  and  crackled. 
Color,  olive.  Height,  2f  inches;  diameter,  of  inches.  (Cat.  No.  130866, 
IT.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen.) 

Fig.  3.  Bowl.  Opaque,  gray,  hard,  porcelaueous  paste,  covered  with  a greenish 
transparent  glaze;  well  crackled.  Heavy  ware.  Height,  2f  inches; 
diameter,  51  inches.  (Cat.  No.  121618,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Col- 
lected by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

Fig.  4.  Saucek.  Ancient  celadon  of  opaque,  porcelaueous,  light  gray,  hard  paste. 

Glaze  thick  vitreous  green,  crackled;  the  resulting  combination  giving 
a beautiful  gray -green  color  resembling  some  varieties  of  jades.  Height, 
Ij^B  inches;  diameter,  5|  inches.  (Cat.  No.  130885,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Soug-do, 
Korea.  Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen.) 

Fig.  5.  Bowl.  Light  gray,  opaque,  hard  jiaste  covered  with  thick  crackled,  vitreous 
glaze,  the  color  of  green  jade.  Glaze  vesicular;  faint  leaf  tracing  under 
glaze.  Like  130885  in  aj)pearance.  Height,  2f  inches;  diameter,  6f  inches. 
(Cat.  No.  130884,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Song-do,  Korea.  Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N. 
Allen. ) 

Fig.  6.  Bowl.  Fine,  white,  hard-paste  porcelain,  elegant  shape,  light  and  delicate. 

Glaze  slightly  greenish.  Wave  or  cloud  omameutatiou  worked  in  the 
paste  under  glaze.  Extremely  rare.  Height,  2,*,j  inches;  diameter, 
inches.  (Cat.  No.  121619,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Siing-do,  Korea.  Collected  by 
Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XII 


Korean  Pottery  of  the  Koriu  Period. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MI  SEUM.  437 


Bowl  (Koriu-gi-bo  si).  Opaque,  gray,  hard,  porcelaueous  paste  covered 
with  a greenisb  transparent  glaze ; well  crackled.  Thrown  on  a 
wheel;  heavy  ware.  PI.  xii.  Fig.  3,  lower  line  (commencing  at  the 
left). 

Height,  inches;  dianteter,  5J  inches. 

.Seoul,  Korea.  121018 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  11.  Bcrnadon,  II.  S.  Navy. 

Of  the  Korin  i)eriod. 

Saucer  (Korin jnb-si).  Ancient  celadon  of  o]>aqne,  porcelaneons, 
light  gray,  hard-paste,  covered  with  a thick,  vitreous,  green  crackled 
glaze,  the  resulting  combination  giving  a beautiful  gray-green 
color,  resembling  some  varietits  of  jade.  PI.  xii.  Fig.  4,  lower  line 
(commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  1-)%  inches;  diameter,  5§  inches. 

Song-do,  Korea.  13088r> 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

This  kind  of  Avare  is  often  found  at  Song-do,  the  ancient  capital  of  Korin  in 
the  former  dynasty,  and  this  specimen  is  about  seven  hundred  years  old,  possibly 
older.  The  shape,  paste,  and  color  indicate  the  Avare  of  the  .Sdug-do  potteries. 
Given  by  the  King  of  Korea  to  Dr.  Allen. 

Bowl  (Korin- gi).  Light  gray,  opaque,  hard  paste;  glaze,  thick,  crack- 
led, and  vitreous,  the  color  of  green  jade.  This  glaze  is  quite  ve- 
.sicnlar,  having  on  that  account  a grainy  appearance,  a slightly  pit- 
ted surface,  and  dull  luster.  A faint  leaf  tracery  aiipears  under  the 
glaze.  Throun  on  a Avheel.  Of  the  simple  shape  still  common  in 
Korea.  PI.  xii.  Fig.  .5,  lower  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  2^  inches;  diameter,  6^  inches. 

S6ng-do,  Korea.  130884 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Made  in  the  latter  period  of  the  Korin  dynasty,  about  six  hundred  years  ago. 
This  Avare  is  regarded  as  of  A’ery  fine  quality;  to  its  lieaA'iness  is  due  its  preser- 
A'ation. 

Boavl  (Koriu-gi).  Fine,  white,  hard-paste  ])orcelain,  elegant  shajie, 
light  and  delicate.  Glaze,  slightly  greenisb  in  tint,  likely  due  to 
iron;  the  slight  crackle  is  not  uniform  and  is  evidently  not  inten 
tional.  Wave  or  cloud  ornamentation  on  the  inside  formed  by 
scraping  aAvay  the  paste,  the  indentations  filling  with  a tliicker  layer 
of  glaze  and  showing  deejier  tint;  corroded  patches  on  outside  of 
the  bowl,  due  to  long  burial.  PI.  xii,  fig.  0,  lower  line  (commenc- 
ing at  the  left). 

Height,  2^^  inches;  diameter,  indies. 

.Sdug-do,  Korea.  121G19 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  15.  Rernadou,  II.  8.  Navy. 

This  ware  is  of  the  Korin  jieriod,  from  the  ))otteries  at  Sdng-do  and  is  about 
five  hnndreil  years  old.  I'ieces  of  this  thin  white  i»orcelain  are  excessively  scarce. 
The  incised  decoration  under  gla/.e  is  (initc  common  in  Chinese  jiorcelain. 


438 


RErORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM, 


Boavl  (.Til  tang  qiiivn).  Globular,  dark  red  stoneware,  glazed  on  tlie 
side  subjected  to  tlu^  greatest  heat.  list'd  for  boiling  water,  etc. 
Bl.  xni,  fig.  1,  upper  line  (commencing  at  left). 

Heifjlit,  .'S  iiiclips;  (lininctcr,  .5^  indies;  ilinineterof  iiionth,  inches. 

Seonl,  Korea,  188.o.  121017 

Collected  by  Ensi>;n  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Articles  in  f^reat  variety  of  this  ware  are  to  lx*  had,  from  small  howls  to  larKC 
water  jars  resemblin<>' a barrel  in  size  and  sha]>e.  'I’he  latter  are  very  thin,  hard, 
and  well  made. 

Wine  bottle  (Sul-biungj.  Heavy  glazed  porcelain,  ornamented  with 
dragon  de.sigu  in  blue.  Low,  widt;  body,  diminishing  rather  ab- 
ru])tly  into  a tubular  neck.  Capacity,  about  ■>  ]>ints.  PI.  xiii,  fig. 
2,  upper  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  12.1  inches;  diameter  of  globe,  8f  inches;  base,  5j-  inches. 

Hoang-tjon,  Korea,  188b.  121613 

(,'ollect(‘d  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Average  si)ecimen  of  modern  Korean  pottery.  The  Korean  ])otters  were  un- 
able to  imi)art  any  color  but  blue  to  their  white  ware  np  to  the  revival  of  color 
decoration  ten  years  ago.  Used  in  buying  and  selling  liquors,  but  not  at  the 
table. 

Table  ware  (Sa-bau-sang).  Heavy  porcelain,  covered  with  a patch}’ 
glaze  of  greenish  hue.  Consists  of  saucers  for  fish,  vegetables,  etc., 
bowls  for  same,  bowls  for  soup,  rice,  stew,  and  water.  Some  of  the 
jjieces  are  signed  and  all  show  rather  rude  workmanship.  Pl.xiii, 
figs.  l-(i,  lower  hue  (commencing  at  the  left). 

lioang-tjou,  Korea,  1884.  121620-30 

Collected  by  Ensign  .T.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

This  is  the  most  inferior  porcelain  ware  at  jiresent  made  in  Korea.  More  pre- 
tentious vases  of  antique  form,  in  white  decorated  with  blue,  or  raised  figures 
if  molded,  are  found  in  every  house.  Ware  is  valued  in  proportion  to  its 
whiteness  and  the  smoothness  and  brilliancy  of  the  glaze;  weight  is  a minor 
consideration. 

Tablet  (Cha-sak-biu-ru-dol).  Of  porcelain,  with  three  divisions  for 

mixing  water  colors. 

Length,  6fr  inches ; width,  4f  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151620 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .louy. 

THE  TEXTILE  INDUSTRIES. 

The  fabrics  of  Korea  are  coarse  in  comparison  with  the  fabrics  of 
China  and  Japan,  and  the  art  of  stamping  cloth  is  said  to  be  not  known 
or  rather  has  been  lost,  as  has  that  of  dyeing.  The  cloths  made  are  of 
silk,  nettle  fiber  from  the  Bachmeria  nivea,  called  ‘‘grass  cloth”  or 
“ ramie,”  hemp  cloth,  and  fabrics  from  cotton.  Ko  woolen  goods  are 
made  in  Korea,  there  being  no  sheep  raised.  These  fabrics  are  charac- 
teristic; the  combinations  of  different  fibers,  such  as  the  nettle  and  silk, 
make  sei'viceable  goods. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIII. 

Korean  Modern  Pottery. 

(0pper  line,  commenciii};  at  the  left.) 

Fig.  1.  Bowl.  Dark  red  stoneware.  Fire  glaze  vernis  on  the  side  subjected  to 
most  heat.  Height,  5 inches;  diameter,  5^  inches;  diameter  of  moutlo 
inches.  (Cat.  No.  121617,  F.  8.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by 
Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadon,  1'.  S.  N.) 

Fig.  2.  Wine  Bottle.  Heavj’,  glazed  ])orce]ain;  ornamented  with  dragon  de.sign 
in  bine.  Height,  121  inches;  diameter  of  globe,  inches;  diameter  of 
base,  5|  inches.  (Cat.  No.  121613,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Hoaug-tjon,  Korea.  Col- 
lected by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  F.  S.  N.) 

(Lower  Hue,  coinmeiiciiifr  at  the  left.) 

Figs.  1-6.  Table  Wake.  Heavy  common  porcelain,  covered  with  a patchy  glaze  of 
faint  green  tint.  Base  rough,  covered  with  kiln  sand.  A few  pieces  are 
signed.  In  order,  these  dishes  are  cup  for  pickle,  with  lid;  saucer  for 
tish  or  meat;  bowl  for  stew ; bowl  for  soup;  rice  bowl  and  bowl  for  water 
or  gruel.  (Cat.  No  121620-30,  F.  S.  N.  M.  Hoang-tjou,  Korea.  Col- 
lected by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  F.  8.  N.) 


■av;r; 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891.- Hough. 


Plate  XIII 


Korean  Modern  Pottery. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


439 


8ilk  (Haiig-na).  One  of  the  best  hibrics  made  in  Korea. 

An-tjou,  Korea.  7907  H 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

This  cloth  is  used  by  the  nobles  and  rich  for  light  suininer  gai'inents. 

Thin  cloth  (Saing-tcho).  ^lade  of  silk  and  nettle  fiber. 

Tchou-tjoii,  Korea.  7907  II 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Beniadoii,  U.  S.  Navy.  I’sed  for  light  sniiimer 
clothing. 

Grass  cloth  (Mosi).  Made  from  nettle  fiber. 

Province  of  Chong-Chong,  Korea.  7907  II 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Cotton  and  silk  (Tjo-tjok). 

Province  of  Kyong-saug,  Korea.  7907  II 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Hemp  cloth  (Pouk-po).  Three  grades  of  servieeable  unbleached  cloth. 

Province  of  Ham-Kyong,  Korea.  7907  H 

Collected  by  Ensign  J . B.  Bernadou,  IT.  S.  Navy.  Used  for  mourning  garments. 

Cotton  cloth. 

I Korea.  7907  II 

i Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

I Made  in  four  of  the  eight  provinces. 

I Silk  (Syo).  Creamy  yellow  ixmgee  like  that  made  in  all  ]>arts  of  Korea. 

Korea.  7907  H 

' Collected  hy  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

I The  man’s  robe.  No.  77099,  p.  452,  is  made  of  this  silk. 

j Grass  cloth  (Be).  Coarse  goods  made  from  the  ramie  nettle. 

I Length,  54  feet;  width,  14j!f  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130859 

i Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Serviceable  cloth  for  mourning  dresses  and  for  underwear.  Presented  by  the 
King  to  Dr.  Allen.  The  Koreans  have  an  expeditious  ]>rocess  for  rotting  the 
hemp  used  for  making  fabrics.  “At  the  bottom  of  a large  pit  paved  with 
stones,  heated  stones  are  placed.  Bundles  of  hemp  are  pressed  down  on  the 
stones  and  kept  in  position  by  stakes,  the  heads  of  which  are  ahov'c  grouiid. 
On  the  hemp  piles  of  grass  are  thrown,  and  the  gra.ss  is  closely  covered  with 
earth.  The  stakes  are  then  withdrawn,  and  water  ])oured  through  the  holes. 
From  the  steam  thus  i)rodnced  hemp  is  rotted  in  twenty-four  hours.”* 

Silk  (Saing-miun-Ju).  Fabric  of  raw  silk  of  medium  (luality. 

Length,  30  feet;  width,  12  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130801 

('(dlected  by  Dr.  11.  N.  Allen. 

Material  for  snnnner  dress;  starched  and  laundered  it  is  used  (nr  winter  we:ir. 

Silk  (Gop -saiug-cho).  Fine  fabric  of  medium  tputlity. 

Ijcngth,  51  feet;  width,  14  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130802 

Collected  by  Dr.  11.  N.  Allen. 

For  fditer  garments  and  underwear  worn  in  summer.  Woven  in  southern 
Korea. 


W.  R.  Carles;  Reo-nt  .lonrneys  in  Korea,  Proi;.  Roy.  (ieog.  Soe.,  .May,  18S0,  |>.  304. 


440 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 


Linen  (Saing-mo-.si).  Fine  uiihlpached  I'aiiiio  clotli. 

Lciifrtli,  85  lc(T;  width,  141  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130860 

Collected  hy  Dr.  II.  N.  Allen. 

Used  for  dresses  of  l)oth  sexes.  I’rodueed  in  sontlie.rn  Korea. 

(,J,uiLTEl)  SILK  (Pil-ini  bi).  Fink;  lined  with  wliib;  silk,  studed  witli 
eolton.  (,^uilt(‘d  one  way,  the  seams  beino-  narrow.  Done  by  hand 
in  the  palace.  Tin*  (inilting  is  made  to  stand  n])  ]irominently  by 
running  the  iHtrroir  scinn  iron  fi)t1oJ  aloiuj  the  seams. 

Le,n<>th,  7 fe<T  7 inelies;  width,  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  1308.57 

Collected  hyl)r.  II.  N.  Allen. 

Made  into  dre.sses  for  yoniifr  men  and  women. 

PAPER  MANUFACTURE. 

Paper  is  made  in  Korea  tVoin  tlie  bark  of  tlie  tuk  tree  or  jtaper  mul- 
berry. The  slioots  of  this  tree  are  cut  early  in  the  fall;  they  are  at 
once  steamed,  stripped,  and  the  dark  outer  <;oating  (used  in  making  in- 
ferior paper)  is  scraped  off  and  the  strips  <iie  dried.  When  ready  to 
make  the  paper,  tliese  strips  are  s])rinkled  with  water  and  pounded 
with  stones  to  separate  the  liber.  They  are  then  boiled  in  weak  lye 
and  the  mass  afterwards  steamed  and  washed  clean  in  fresh  water. 
The  stems  of  a plant  called  talc  pout,  which  is  cnltivated  for  the  pur- 
])ose,  are  macerated  and  boiled.  The  strained  liijuor  is  then  mixed 
with  the  fiber  already  xirejiared  and  water  added  until  it  is  of  the 
proper  consistency.  From  this  ])aste  paper  is  made  by  catching  a film 
on  the  surfact*  of  a bamboo  screen  by  a quick  jiassage  of  this  through 
the  pulp.  The  successive  .sheets  are  ]>iled  uj)  and  separated  at  one  end 
by  straws. 

.Mulberry  paper  ((Tam-so-miung).  Thick,  unglazed;  made  from 
mulberry  bark.  Very  tough,  even  with  the  grain  tearing  with 
great  diffiimlty  and  running  in  wade  shells. 

I.engtb,  43f  iiiclie.s ; width,  294  inches. 

Seoul  Korea,  1885.  77069 

Collected  hy  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Korean  paper  i.s  even  tougher  than  the  .laj)anese,  and  is  one  of  the  few  Korean 
things  that  had  made  a re])utation  in  the  world  before  its  home  had  become 
truly  a part  of  the  community  of  nations.  (Percival  Lowell : Chosc'ln,  p.  315.) 
It  is  used  in  several  thicknesses  to  make  annor  and  was  exported  to  ,Ja])au  for 
that  jiurpose,  also  to  China,  where  it  is  now  used  for  garment  linings.  LTsed 
in  civil  service  examinations.  Taken  in  payment  of  trihute  by  tlie  Government 
and  generally  used  as  currency  by  the  ])eople. 

Writing  paper  and  envelope.  Poll  of  mulberry  iitiper  in  sheets; 
pasted  at  edges.  Fiber,  long  and  silky. 

Sheets  15|^  inches  long,  9 inches  wide. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77031 

Collected  by  Ensign  ,J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Used  in  writing  to  a distant  place. 


f 


* P’ . 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIV 
Korean  Household  Furniture. 

Cabinet  and  Writing  Desk.  Front  of  persimmon  wood,  bidden  portion  of  pine. 

Seven  drawers  of  different  sizes;  two  doors  closing  a recess.  Fittings, 
brass;  the  kej'  jilates  on  tbe  njiper  drawers  and  the  doors  represent  bats, 
the  bodies  of  which  turn  aside  showing  the  key  holes.  Locks,  somewhat 
like  European  pattern,  but  the  key  turns  in  opposite  direction.  Height, 
23  inches;  length,  34  inches;  width,  134  inches.  (Cat.  No.  77009,  l,’^.  S. 
N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Beruadou,  U.  S.  N.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XIV, 


Korean  Cabinet  and  Writing-desk, 


KORKAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MCSEUM.  441 


Oiled  paper  (You-tchi).  Prepared  by  stee])iiig’  sheets  of  mulberry 
pajier  in  sesaraum  oil. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77068 

Collected,  by  Eusiga  J.  B.  Beruadoii,  U.  S.  Navy. 

House  fittings  ai'e  made  of  oileil  paper;  it  is  tised  in  ])lace  of  glass  for  win- 
dows, to  cover  the  doors  of  rooms  lieat<*d  l»y  tlni  Kang  or  furnace  under  the 
lion.se,  for  liats,  rain  coats,  fans.  etc. 

THE  HOUSE  AND  ITS  ACCESSORIES. 

FURNITURE  OF  THE  DWELLINU  HOUSE. 

THE  sleeping;  hoom,  etc. 

Inlaid  chest  (Ja-ga-sou  que).  Wood  covered  with  a thin,  brownish 
l)lack  lacfiuer  iuerusted  with  mother  of  pearl.  Lid  decorated  with 
long  life  find  happiness  character  (sn  bug)  and  with  branches  of 
peach  tree,  cranes,  and  clouds  (emblems  of  longevity).  On  the  front 
is  an  arclneic  scene  of  deer,  tortoises,  cranes,  peach  and  iiine  trees, 
etc.,  also  emblems  of  longevity.  Korean  brass  lock  and  key. 

Length,  18^;  width,  11^;  height.  12  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151621 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .louy. 

Table  (So-ban).  Small  twelve-sided  wooden  table  with  four  legs; 
painted  black.  Used  by  one  person.  A very  poor  s])eeimen. 

Height,  10  inches;  diameter,  15  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  128410 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .louy. 

Among  many  Eastern  nations  custom  demands  that  individuals  should  be 
served  sejiarately;  hence  the  nests  of  boxes  in  .lapan  and  India  or  sets  of  dishes 
as  in  Korea. 

Cabinet  and  writing  desk  (Moon-gap).  Front  of  persimmon  wood; 
hidden  portions  of  pine.  Seven  drawers,  two  doors,  the  latter 
(dosing  a rc(;ess.  Three  other  openings  in  the  front  are  for  display- 
ing small  arti(des.  The  key  phitifs  are  brass  bats,  the  bodies  of 
which  turn  aside  disclosing  the  keyholes.  Locks  like  onr  drawer 
locks  with  bolt  and  spring  together,  but  the  key  turns  to  the 
right  in  locking.  PI.  xiv. 

Height,  23  inches;  length,  31  inches;  width,  134  inches. 

Hconl,  Korea,  1885.  77009 

Collected  by  Ensign  B.  Bernadon.  U.  S.  Navy. 

Cabinet  (Mn-ri-jang).  Dark  red  wood  vem'cr;  imiiorted  from  China; 
brass-work  on  c.orners,  edges,  liinges,  and  panels.  It  contains 
twenty-live  drawers,  most  of  wliiidi  ar<^  inside  the  sliding  doors. 
Locks  swing  on  a hinge  at  (ulge  of  one  door,  and  bolt  into  staiile  on 
the  other  door.  Keyhole  on  under  side  of  locdv ; key  like  ii  jiair  of 
tweezers,  and  unlocks  by  jire.ssing  together  the  cat(di-s])r!ngs  on 
each  side  of  the  bolt.  l;ock  froiiLs,  niello  work  of  silver  on  copper 


442 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 


CAi5iNF/r — Continu(‘(l. 

witli  black  enamel;  design,  the  “double  joy;”  character  sur- 
rounded by  a (treeian  border.  PI.  xv. 

Height,  4t  iiiclics;  width,  90  inches. 

Depth,  21  inches. 

Seoul,  Koren,  18S.5.  77008 

Collected  )iy  Ensign  .1.  IL  l’>erii:idon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

A very  skillful  piece  of  Joinery;  reinarkahly  good  considering  the  inferior 
tf)olsand  lack  of  accessories  in  Korea.  Used  hy  cliildren  and  soinetiine.s  hy  ladies 
as  a rece])tacl(i  foi  J(‘W(ds. 

Leopard  Skin,  (Jlo-rang-i-ka  jnk),  Used  for  eov'ering  ottieers’  Sedan 
chair.s  and  for  other  purpo.ses. 

Length,  52  inches ; width,  21  incdies 

Seoul,  Koitai.  

Collected  hy  Dr.  11.  N.  Allen. 

Red  Mattress  (Vo)  and  Square  Mat  (Bang-suk),  Stuffed  with  hair 
and  covered  with  red  woolen  fabric  embroidered  in  bright-colored 
silks.  Edged  with  green  satin  and  lined  with  blue  satin. 

Length  of  mattress,  6 feet  9 inches;  width,  95  inches.  Mat,  .95  inches  square. 

Seoul,  Korea.  190859 

Collected  hy  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

A present  from  the  King  of  Korea  to  Dr.  Allen.  These  two  j)ieces  are  a set  for 
.a  lady’s  drawing  room,  and  correspond  to  onr  sofa  and  ch.air. 

Green  mattress  (Yo)  and  square  mat  (Bang-suk).  Stuffed  with  hair 
and  covered  with  green  woolen  cloth,  embroidered  in  bright  colors. 
Bordered  with  changeable  silk  and  lined  with  blue  brocade.  Very 
good  workmanship. 

Length  of  mattress,  5 feet  7 inches;  width,  99  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  1.908.53 

Collected  hy  Dr.  II.  N.  Allen. 

A present  from  the  King.  Such  bright  colors  are  generally  used  hy  ladies.  All 
the  materials  are  native  except  the  woolen  cloth.  Made  in  northwest  Korea. 

Pillow  (Be-ga).  Wliite  cotton  cylinder  .stuffed  with  hair.  Ends  em- 
broidered with  swans  and  flowers  in  bright  colors. 

Length, 22  inches;  diameter, inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130852 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Small  pillow  for  children.  When  in  use  it  is  covered  with  a slip  of  cotton  in 
winter  and  linen  in  summer.  The  ends  of  ])illows  are  usually  of  wood,  inlaid, 
and  constitute  some  of  thebe.st  works  of  art  among  the  Koreans.  (See  PI.  x.xir.) 

Bi.ind  (Bal).  Made  of  flue  splints  of  bamboo  strung  together  with  silk 
thread  and  painted  with  black  figures.  It  is  the  size  of  the  Korean 
window,  viz: 

Ijcngth,  5 feet  7 inches;  width,  4 feet  8 inches. 

Cholla-do,  Korea.  130887 

Collected  by  Dr.  II.  N.  Allen. 

The  province  of  ChiJlla-do  is  noted  for  its  skillful  bamboo  workers.  \ 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XV, 


Korean  Household  Furniture. 

Cabixet.  Veueered  with  dark  red  Chinese  wood;  ornamental  brass- work  trim- 
mings. It  contains  twenty-five  drawers,  most  of  which  are  inside  the 
sliding  doors.  Lock  fronts,  niello  work;  design,  the  “double  joy”  char- 
acter surrounded  by  a Grecian  border.  A superior  piece  of  cabinet  work. 
Height,  44  inches;  width,  30  inches;  depth,  24  inches.  (Cat.  No.  77008,  U. 
S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XV, 


Korean  Cabinet. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  443 


Window  shade  (Bal).  Plain  and  colored  slivers  of  Laniboo  Joined 
closely  at  intervals  with  a warp  of  green  cotton  twine.  Black  bam- 
boo rods  at  top,  middle,  and  bottom.  A straight  line  ornament  is 
painted  in  the  center  and  surrounded  by  a Grecian  fi-et  boi'der. 

Length,  4 feet  3 inches;  width,  4 feet  8 inelies. 

Province  of  Ch()lla-d(),  Korea.  77021 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  IL  ISernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Very  pretty;  of  sn])erior  woi'knianship.  The  very  fine  .s])]ints  are  seenred  hy 
boiling  the  bamboo. 

Bttsh  mat  (Jot-ja-ri).  Striped  green,  purple,  and  red.  Hemp  warp; 
rush  woof,  forming  fringe  at  side  of  mat.  Made  by  hand  on  a 
weighted  loom. 

Length,  6 feet ; width,  2 feet. 

Seoul,  Korea,  188.5.  77010 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  P>.  Bornadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Used  in  snninier  for  covering  beds  and  doors.  In  .Ta.pan  the  standard  mat  i.s 
6 by  3 feet. 

Spittoon  (Ta-gu).  Cylindrical  cup  of  brass  ware  with  a slanting  cover 
having  an  orifice  about!  inch  in  diameter.  Placed  in  the  parlor  or 
near  the  table  at  meal  times. 

Height,  inches ; diameter,  2f  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130843 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Lantern  cover  (Duug-rong-ni).  Made  of  red  and  blue  silk;  mouth 
has  a gathering  string. 

Length,  46  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130864 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Probably  used  in  a private  house,  though  this  kind  of  cover  is  generally 
used  for  the  lanterns  of  high  officers. 

THE  KITCHEnAnD  DINING  KOOM. 

Rice  pot  (Gob  dol-sot).  Lenticular  vessel  of  black  soapstone,  with 
lid.  PI.  XVI,  fig.  1 (commencing  at  the  left). 

Diameter,  15  inches;  height,  6|-  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130883 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Used  also  for  general  cooking.  'I’he  Koreans  like  this  kind  of  boiler,  as 
those  of  iron  are  too  common,  (liven  by  the  King  to  Dr.  Alhm. 

Cooking  pot  (Sin-syfil-lo).  Soft,  green,  micac<mus  stom;,  blaclamed  and 
polished  on  the  outside.  It  consists  of  a lid,  bowl,  and  furnace 
<'ombin(8l,  and  a detachable  base  or  ash  box.  In  the  center  of  the 
bowl  is  a tubular  furnace  extending  up  through  a hol(>  in  the  lid, 
which  fits  closely  around  its  rim.  The  furnace  has  round  holes  in 
the  bottom  and  the  ash-box  has  an  o])ening  for  draft  at  the  side. 
Food  is  ])lac,cd  in  the  bowl  and  coals  are  ])ut  into  furnace.  Such  a 
vess(d  is  commoidy  used  for  frying  meat  when  si'vmal  friends  as- 


444 


REPORT  OP  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 


Cooking  pot — Continued. 

semble  and  cook  this  portion  of  tlieir  food  according  to  a Korean 
custom.  I’l.  XVI,  tig.  2 (cominencing  at  the  left). 

Diameter  of  l)owl,  8^  inelie.s;  depth,  2f  iiiehes;  lieiffht  of  ]»ot,  7^  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  77(154 

C'ollect(Ml  by  Ensign  .1.  H.  Ileruadon,  U.  S.  Navy.  Exactly  this  form  of  pot 
is  \i.sed  by  the  Cliine.se  for  making  a drink  liy  infusion  of  various  herbs,  etc. 
This  pot  is  used  for  souji,  stew,  etc.  'I'he  more  ))riniitive  Korean  sin-syol-lo  is  a 
sliallow  soajistone  pot,  with  a wide,  slanting  rim.  Soapstone  vessels  arc  more 
highly  jirizcd  in  Korea  than  jiottery,  and  a gift  often  gis’cn  by  the  King  is  a 
valuable  stone  cooking  jiot. 

(.Booking  POT  (Hung-gu-gi-gol).  Circular,  soapstone  vessel  shaitedlike 
a hat;  the  slanting  rim  merges  into  the  shallow  howl.  PI.  xvi,  flg. 
3 (commencing  at  the  left). 

Diameter,  84  inches;  dejith,  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151634 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .Jouy. 

This  pot  fits  upon  the  simjile  charcoal  furnace.  Meat,  etc.,  are  placed  on  the 
rim  and  the  juice  is  collected  in  the  bowl  where  vegetables  are  cooking. 

(Jhopsticks  (Tjo-ka-rak)  and  Spoon  (Son-ka-rak).  White  brass.  Chop- 
sticks square  and  heavy;  spoon  shallow;  wide  bowl. 

Chopsticks,  8 inches  long;  s]>oon,  9 inches  long. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77042 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Beruadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Bowl,  spoon,  and  chopsticks  resemble  those  used  iu  China  in  making  offerings 
of  incense.  Used  by  the  poor. 

Kick  bowl  (Sajtal).  Of  white  brass,  with  lid;  turned  or  “spun.”’ 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77037 

Collected  by  Ensign  ,J.  B.  Beruadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Resembles  a Chinese  incense  bowl.  The  white  metal  used  in  making  the 
alloy  comes  from  China;  the  copper  is  Korean. 

The  following  individual  set  of  brass,  collected  by  Or.  Allen,  consists 
of  seventeen  dishes  of  eight  dilferent  shapes  and  sizes.  They  form  the 
dinner  set  used  by  a man  iu  winter;  the  dishes  having  lids.  Korean 
brassware  is  very  good  and  neatly  made  by  the  process  known  as  “ spin- 
ning.” At  certain  seasons  of  the  year  “brass  markets”  are  held  in 
Korea  and  great  quantities  of  this  ware  find  a ready  sale.  It  is  the 
custom  to  scour  the  dishes  with  stone  dust  and  to  wash  them  often  iu 
water. 

Bowls  (Jong-ja).  Brass,  with  lid.  Set  of  three  for  condiment  and 
sauces  such  as  salt  sauce,  vinegar,  and  red  peiiper. 

Diameter,  2f  inches;  height,  14  inches. 

•Seoul,  Korea.  130903,  130904,  1.30905. 

Collected  by  Dr.  11.  N.  Allen. 

Tea  bowl  (Da-jup).  Brass;  the  largest  bowl  in  the  set. 

Diameter,  GJimthes;  height,  24  inches. 

•Seoul,  Korea.  130890 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Alien. 

This  bowl  is  for  a drink  made  from  parched  rye,,  taken  at  every  meal  instead 
of  tea  and  coffee,  neither  of  which  beverages  do  the  Koieans  drink. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVI. 


Korean  Stone  Cooking  Vessels. 

(Commencing  at  the  left.) 

Fig.  1.  Rice  Pot.  Lenticular  vessel  of  black  soapstone,  with  lid.  For  boiling  rice 
and  general  cooking.  Height,  6^  inches;  diameter,  15  inches.  (Cat.  No. 
130883,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen.) 

Fig.  2.  Cooking  Pot.  Soft,  green  micaceous  stone  (soapstone)  blackened  and  pol- 
ished. Detachable  base;  bowl  with  central  furnace;  lid  with  lugs, 
tightly  fitting  around  opening  of  furnace.  Height,  7i  inches;  diameter, 
8|  inches.  (Cat.  No.  77054,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by 
Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

Fig.  3.  Cooking  Pot.  Circular  soapstone  vessel  shaped  like  a hat;  the  slanting 
rim  merges  into  the  shallow  bowl.  Fits  upon  the  charcoal  furnace. 
Diameter,  8|  inches;  depth,  24  inches.  (Cat.  No.  151634,  U.  S.  N.  M. 
Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough 


Plate  XVI, 


Korean  Stone  Cooking-vessels. 


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KOKEAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  445 


Bowls  (Jo-chi-bo).  Brass;  similar  to  the  tea  bowl.  Used  for  stew. 

Diameter,  4-^  inches;  height,  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130893,  130897 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Saucer  (Ja-ban-jup-si).  Brass;  with  lid.  For  dry  salt  tish  and  meat. 

Diameter,  3f  inches;  height,  1^  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130895 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Soup  bowl  (Tang-gi).  Bell-shaped;  brass;  with  lid.  Smaller  than  the 
rice  bowl. 

Diameter,  4f  inches ; height,  3 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  • 130892 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Used  by  both  sexes. 

Rice  bowl  (Ju-bal).  Bell-shaped;  brass;  with  lid.  Used  by  men 
alone,  the  ladies’  rice  bowl  being  of  a different  shape. 

Diameter,  inches;  height,  3f  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130891 

Collected*by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Saucer  (Sang-sun-gii-ijup-si).  Brass;  with  lid.  For  cooked  tish. 
Diameter,  3|  inches;  height.  H inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130896 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Bowl  (Chim-cha-bo).  Brass;  cup-shaped,  with  lid.  For  pickles. 

Diameter,  3f  inches ; height,  2i  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  ' 130902 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Korean  i)ickles  are  not  so  salt  as  those  eaten  in  the  United  States.  They  are 
a constant  article  of  the  Korean  menu. 

Tray  (Jang-ban).'  Circular;  brass.  Used  by  the  servant  at  table. 

Diameter,  7J-  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130890 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Saucer  (Na-mool-.jup-si).  Brass;  with  lid.  For  all  kinds  of  vegeta- 
bles. Sometimes  from  one  to  three  different  kinds  of  vegetables 
are  placed  in  the  same  dish. 

Diameter,  3f  inches;  height,  H inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130899 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Saucer  (Jut-jup-si).  Brass;  witli  lid.  For  salt  meat  or  fish  (not  dry); 
sometimes  for  raw  oysters. 

Diameter,  3|  inches;  height,  H inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  1;10898 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Saucer  (Gu-i-jup-si).  Brass;  with  lid.  For  beef  or  chicken,  the  regu- 
lar dinner  dish. 

Diameter,  3|  inches;  height,  H inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130901 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 


446 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  ML'SEUM,  1891. 


Saucer  (Giut-goo-i).  Brass;  with  lid.  For  game  or  some  rare  meat. 

Diametei-,  3|  iuchen ; height,  H iuclies. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130K94 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Saucer  (Na-mool  jup-si).  Brass;  with  lid.  For  some  rare  vegetable, 
either  cooked  or  served  as  a salad. 

Diainetcr,  3|  inches;  height,  H inche.s. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130900 

Collected  by  Dr.  II.  N.  Allen. 

Bowl  (llab).  Circular;  brass;  with  lid.  For  holding  cakes. 

Diameter,  4 inches;  height,  2}  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130906 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Saucer  for  wine  cup  (Jan  ba-chim).  Brass  plate  on  which  the  wine 
cup  is  placed  on  the  anniversary  of  the  death  ot  the  ancestor. 

Diameter,  4f  inches.  130903 

Seoul,  Korea. 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Bowl  (Ba-ri).  Globular;  brass;  with  lid. 

Diameter,  3i inches;  height,  4 inches. 

, Seoul,  Korea.  130907 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Used  by  a little  girl  in  winter  for  rice. 

Axe  (Dok-ki).  Iron.  Xiirrow,  wedge-like  blade.  Curved  poll  with 
mijiow  face. 

Length,  inches;  width,  inches. 

Fusan,  Korea.  129495 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .louy. 

Generally  used  in  timbering. 

TllK  I.ArNDKY. 

Seam  iron  (In-to).  Bar  of  iron  tei  miuating  in  a liead,  set  into  a 
wooden  handle.  Bude,  chisel  ornamentation  on  bar.  Eesembles 
a soldering  iron.  Bl.  xvii,  upper  ligure. 

Length,  12|  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77026 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  K.  Hernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Used  to  iron  down  seams  of  clothing  or  for  creasing  (quilted  work. 

Ironing  sticks  (Pang-mang-i).  Hard  wood  sticks  shaped  like  a base- 
ball bat,  used  for  ironing  or  mangling  clothes.  PI.  xvii,  lower 
ligure. 

Length,  16f  inches;  diameter,  1 inch. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77027 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Beruadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Winter  clothes  are  ripped  apart  for  washing,  boiled  in  wood-ash  lye,  beaten 
on  stones  in  streams,  starched  with  rice  starch,  dried,  piled  in  heaps,  and  finally 
pounded  over  a wooden  roller  with  clubs  till  the  fiber  takes  on  a remarkable 
gloss  and  pliability.  The  parts  are  sewed  together  and  the  seams  ironed  down 
with  the  seam  iron. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVII. 

Korean  Domestic  Appliances. 

(Upper  figure.) 

Fig.  1.  Seam  Iron*.  B.ir  of  iron  terminating  in  a shoe-sliaped  head,  set  into  a 
wooden  handle.  Rude,  chisel  ornamentation  on  the  bar.  Resembles  a 
soldering  iron.  Length,  12|  inches.  (Cat.  No.  77026,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  . 
Korea.  Collected  hy  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

(Lower  figure.) 

i'lg.  2.  Ironing  and  Mangling  Sticks.  Hard  wood,  in  shape  of  base-ball  bats; 

used  for  ironing  or  mangling  clothes.  Length,  16f  inches;  diameter,  1 
inch.  (Cat.  No.  77027,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign 
J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XVII 


Korean  Domestic  Appliances. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


447 


Image  of  an  animal  (iSoe-mal).  Kiulely  made  of  irou. 

Leng  tli,  7 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  ISKiO'l 

Collected  by  P.  L.  Jouy. 

Seems  to  represent  a four-footed  animal  of  no  particular  species.  May  be  a 
rest  for  the  iron. 

Basket  (Cha-mong-).  Consists  of  two  oblong  portions,  one  slightly 
larger  and  used  as  a lid  for  the  other.  Made  of  wicker;  covered 
with  oiled  pai>er.  Csed  for  holding  laundry,  etc. 

Length,  23;  width,  11  ; height,  9 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885. 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  H.  Rernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

COSTUME. 

children’s  COSTUMES. 

The  following  articles  of  apparel  constitute  the  best  or  holiday  dress 

of  a boy : 

Robe  (Tou-rou-mak-i).  For  a young  boy.  Made  of  coar.se  red  cotton, 
straight  cut;  bine  tying  strings. 

Length,  26  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77072 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

This  robe  is  worn  over  the  coat  with  banded  sleeves. 

Waist  (I’ai-tja).  Blue  silk,  lined  with  red  linen;  .sleevele.ss.  Fastened 
by  a loop  and  knot. 

Length,  13^  inelies. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1H85.  77075 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bermidou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  by  boys  over  the  robe.  A band  of  red  brocaded  silk  aero.ss  the  ba<‘k 
bears  gilt  characteis  which  mean,  “ Have  consideration  for  others;  be.  Just;  be 
moderate  in  your  desires,”  sentiments  early  taught  Korean  cliildren. 

Outer  garment  (Tycn-pokor  Kwa-ja).  Thin,  blue,  brocaded  Chinese 
raw  silk  stuff,  with  tying  strings  of  silk.  Short  .slash  on  either 
side;  long  .sla.sh  in  back.  Three  small  embroidered  bags  with  tas- 
sels arc  sewed  to  the  band  across  the  shoulders.  Worn  in  summer 
by  boys. 

Length,  26  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77077 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  Koreans  say  that  there  arc  thi'ee  s])irits  who  enter  the  world  at  the  same 
time  with  a child  to  guard  him  during  childhood.  Hence  the  three  bags  are 
sewn  to  the  waistband.  'I’hey  contain  cotton,  and  sometimes  a lock  of  the 
child’s  hair. 

Ciiild’vS  LEGGINS  (Haing  tjdn).  Red  cotton,  tit*d  on  above  the  .socks. 

Length,  10  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885. 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U,  S.  Navy, 


77074 


448 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 


Trousers  (I’atji).  Pongee  silk  lined  with  white  cotton.  Tied  at  waist 
and  ankles. 

Waist,  21  inches;  leg,  iuclies. 

Seoul,  Korea,  188.5.  77076 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  on  holidays  hy  young  hoys. 

Jacket  (Sak-dong-tjo-ko-ri).  Light  green  silk  faced  with  blue;  lined 
with  coarse  muslin.  Sleeves,  nine  bright  colored  bands  of  ribbon. 
Collar,  faced  with  tine  grass  cloth  (mosi);  tying  strings,  scarlet  silk. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77111 

Collected  hy  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Holiday  dresses  of  hoys  and  girls  arc  made  with  sleeves  like  this. 

Socks  (IJ-rin-a  lii-po-sybn).  Two  thicknesses  of  coarse  muslin;  heels 
projecting;  toes  sharp  and  curved  upward;  tying  strings  midway 
of  back.  Instep  clocked  in  colored  silks. 

Length,  6 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77073 

t^ollected  Ity  fhisign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  hy  a small  child.  Made  with  regard  to  shape  of  the  shoe  and  not  of 
the  foot. 

Hair  ribbon  (Tang-keui).  Purple  grenadine  folded  to  i)oint  at  top 
and  sewed  ])artof  the  way  down.  Column  of  gilt  cliaracters. 

Length,  If  inch(!s. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77078 

Collected  hy  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S,  Navy. 

Tied  to  the  hair  ]tlait.  The  characters  mean,  “ Long  life;  riches  he  be- 
queathed.” The  seven  dots  in  the  circle  represent  the  stars  in  the  “dipper,” 
and  are  a charm  to  insure  the  wearer  many  children. 

Ornamental  hood  (Cool  ne).  Skeleton  hood  of  colored  silk,  em 
broideiH'd  with  cluiracters  and  decorated  with  beads,  artificial 
pearls,  etc. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77079 

Collected  hy  Ensign  ,1.  B.  Bernailou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  hy  either  sex.  The  characters  mean  “Long  life,  riches,  health,  and 
happiness.”  The  black  rihl)on  is  removed  when  the  child  becomes  able  to 
8]>eak. 

Child’s  shoes  (Got-tan-hya).  Ked  leather  with  green  and  yellow 
leather  foxings.  Upper  and  sole  joined  together  from  the  outside. 

Length,  6f  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77081 

Collected  hy  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadon.  U.  S.  Navy. 

Child’s  sandals  (Sag-jip-siu).  Sole  woven  of  hemp;  sides  of  red, 
white,  green,  and  yellow  twisted  paper  strings. 

Length,  6 inches. 

Collected  hy  W.  W.  Rockhill. 

Generally  worn  hy  children  in  very  j»oor  families. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUxM.  449 


Cotton  bag  (Sam-sung-Ju mu  ni).  Yellowish  cotton  stuff’ lined  with 
blue  cloth;  folded  at  mouth  and  supplied  with  a green  silk  string. 

Leiiffth,  ()  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1S85.  77023 

Collected  by  Eiisie;n  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  IT.  S.  Navy. 

Woi'u  under  the  outer  garment  and  used  as  a purse  or  j)ocket. 

wo3ien’s  costumes. 

Quilted  .jacket  (^Tou-pi-tjo-kou-ri).  Orange  silk  faced  with  purple, 
lined  with  fine  cotton  cloth  and  quilted  with  thin  layer  of  silk  wool. 
'Worn  by  women  in  the  spring. 

Length,  8 inches;  waist,  15  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77107 

Collected  by  Ensign  ,1.  B.  Bernadou,  IT.  .S,  Navy. 

Short  jacket  (Tjbk-.sam).  Fine  grass  cloth  (mosi).  Buttoned  at 
the  neck  with  knot  and  loop. 

Length,  8t  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77108 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.Navy. 

The  lower  class  of  women  in  Korea  usually  leave  the  breasts  uncovered. 
This  form  of  dress  is  said  to  have  been  devised  to  facilitate  child  nursing.  (See 

I’l.  VI.) 

Waist  band  (Ho-ri-theni).  AVide  band  of  white  cotton;  lined.  Two 
tying  strings. 

Length,  371  inches;  width,  91  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77103 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  girdle  holds  up  the  inner  drawers  and  supports  the  strings  of  the  other 
garments. 

Outer  drawers  (Ko-tang  i).  Muslin;  gathered  at  waist. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77100 

Collecteil  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  IT.  S.  Navy. 

Every  Korean  lady  wears  not  less  tbau  four  body  garments. 

Outer  drawers  (Tan-.sok-kbt).  Coarse  grass  cloth  (mosi)  made  from 
nettle  fiber. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77101 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Inner  drawers  (Sok  .sok  kiit).  Bl(9U*hed  cotton;  ilivided  skirt  ty])e, 
liaving  a division  in  the  hem  cutting  the  garment  into  two  very 
widi*  ixutions.  Tying  strings  on  the  left  side. 

W:iist,  32  inches. 

.Seoul.  Korea,  1885.  77102 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  I'.  S.  Navy. 

Dress  skirt  (Mo  si-tcli’  ima).  .\zur(‘  linen  stuff’;  ciglit  bread  tlis 
gat  limed  at  the  waistband.  Open  like  an  aiiroii;  hem  turned  up 
and  )»asf(“d.  Tying  strings,  white. 

Waist,  33  ineli(!S. 

Seoul.  Korea,  18S5. 

SM  Ul,  1*T  2 29 


77101 


450 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 

Dress  skirt — (Jontimicd. 

('ollectod  Ity  Ensiifu  B-  Hcrnafloii,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Korean  women  tuck  tlie  folds  of  this  skiit  into  the  waisthand  wliile  walk- 
ing. The  a]i))e:uanee  of  this  garment  has  led  Korean  women  to  say  tliat  they 
dress  like  western  women. 

Long  coat  or  veil  (Tjang’  <»t).  Made  of  green,  brocaded  silk,  lined 
witli  muslin.  Collar  and  ends  faced  with  white  cotton.  Two  pairs 
of  tying  strings. 

Length,  51  ineln-s. 

.Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77091 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  It.  Ileniadon.  U.  .S.  Navy. 

This  coat  is  trimme<l  l.y  a fixed  ])attern  and  is  invariably  worn  by  women  ol 
the  ndddle,  and  often  of  the  lower  class,  while  outside  of  the  homse.  It  is 
merely  thrown  over  the  head  and  conceals  the  face  li  om  strangers.  There  is  a 
legend  that  a Korean  King  eommanded  women  to  wear  bine  soldiers’  coats,  s< 
that  on  the  ap])roaeh  of  the  enemy  the  men  eonld  seize  these  coats  and  at  one* 
become  soldiers.  After  the  King’s  death,  the  style  of  coat  became  fixed  in  the 
green,  brocaded  silk,  tjang-ot. 

Dnder  STOCKINGS  (Po  .syiiii).  Coarse  cotton,  doubled;  .sharp  toes  and 
lu’ojecting  heels.  They  ditfer  from  men’s  socks  in  not  being  padded 
with  cotton. 

Length,  8 inches. 

.Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77101 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  H.  Bernadon,  U.  .S.  Navy. 

Worn  under  the  thicker  stockings. 

Finger  RINGS  (Ka  rak  tji).  Of  iiewter.  Worn  in  pairs  on  the  ring 
tinger  by  married  and  single  women. 

Seoul,  Korea,  188.5.  7710! 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Hairpin  ( Pin  yd.)  Of  jiewter,  with  a projection  at  one  side  of  the  head, 
like  the  Korean  needle. 

Length,  7 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1888.  77041 

Collected  by  Ensign  ,1.  B.  Bernadon.  U.  .S.  Navy. 

Short  hairpin  (Tong-kdt).  Of  pewter,  with  a knob  and  short  neck  a1 
the  side  of  the  head. 

Length,  8 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77111 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  ,S.  Navy. 

This  style  of  pin  is  worn  I)y  married  men  and  women,  though  not  an  invaria 
ble  custom  with  the  men. 

Women’s  shoes  (ITn-hiu).  Uiipers  of  blue  cloth,  lined  with  ass  skin 
bound  with  white  leather;  soles,  lawhide.  White  leather  scrolls 
ornament  toe  and  heel.  Xeatly  tinished  and  ornamented.  PI.  xx. 
tig.  1,  lower  line  (commencing  at  the  left), 
l.ength,  84  inches. 

.S('oul,  Korea,  1885. 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  Navy, 

Worn  by  all  ladies,  except  widows. 


770H 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  451 


' Winter  hood  (Nam-pii-oui).  Puri)le,  brocaded  silk,  lined  with  scarlet 
felt  and  trimmed  on  edges  with  black  fnr.  Open  at  top.  PL  xix, 
fig.  1,  middle  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

I Wicltli,  15  iticlies. 

.Seoul,  Korea,  18S5.  77080 

Collected  by  Ensio-n  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  by  women,  youn<r  ladies,  and  children  in  winter.  A similar  hood  i.s 
worn  by  men  under  the  hat. 

Lady’s  hood  (Nam-ba-we).  Changealile,  green  silk,  lined  with  woolen 
stuff.  Trimmed  around  tlie  lower  edge  with  black  fur.  Ked  cord 
with  fringed  ends  at  the  top. 

Length,  14  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130856 

Collected  by  Dr.  H,  N.  Allen. 

Worn  by  young  ladies  and  children  in  winter  to  protect  them  from  cold. 
Men  sometimes  wear  a similar  hat  covered  with  black  cloth.  This  style  came 
i into  use  a number  of  years  ago. 

f men’s  COSTUMES. 

The  following  specimens  are  of  summer  clothing,  differing  from  the 
|!  winter  garments  in  not  being  padded  with  raw  cotton: 
i{  Inner  .jacket  (Tjok-sam).  Of  coarse  cotton,  with  rolling  collar  and 
J two  pairs  of  tying  strings.  Sleeves  large  and  square,  with  gussets 
in  the  arm])its. 

I Length,  31^  inches. 

I Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77110 

I Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Beruadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Trousers  (Pa-tji).  White  cotton,  lined  with  coar.ser  material.  Very 
I large.  Held  up  by  the  girdle,  over  Avhich  the  superfiuous  upper 
part  of  the  garment  falls. 

I Waist,  .52  inches;  length,  44  feet. 

I Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77197 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Girdle  (Yotai).  Green  grosgrain  riblion  folded  over  and  fringed  at 
both  ends.  Fastened  around  the  waist  above  the  hips  to  hold  up 
the  trousers. 

Width,  2J  inciies;  length,  60  indies. 

Seoul,  Kon^a,  1885.  77095 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Garters  (Tai-nam).  Narrow,  gi-een  grosgrain  ribbon;  fringed.  Tied 
around  the  bottom  of  tlie  trousers. 

Ijcngth,  24  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77092 

(.'ollected  liy  Ensign  ,1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

►Stockinus  (Po-sydn).  White  cotton;  seam  running  through  tlie  toe 
and  heel.  Padded  with  raw  eotton;  the  rigidity  of  the  Korean 
shoe  renders  this  necessary. 

Length,  9^  inches;  height,  12  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77098 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 


452 


REPORT  OF  NAl'IONAL  MUSEUM,  18!)1. 


Leggins  (TTaiiis-tj.y<>ii).  Wliitc  cotton;  liems  pasted  down.  Tjnng 
strings  fastened  around  the  calf,  covering  tlie  junction  of  the  trou- 
sers and  stockings. 

Lengtli,  10  inclics;  width,  S indies. 

Seoul,  Korea,  18S5.  77006 

Collected  hy  Ensi<rn  .1. 15.  Rei  iiadou,  U.  S.  Kavy. 

Outer  ROBE  (kSj'o-tjang  ot).  Thin  itongee  silk.  lias  a straight  slash 
on  each  side  from  the  armpits  down,  dividing  the  garment  into 
three  nearly  etpial  panels ; hemmed.  Collar,  a long  rolling  yoke; 
dowing  sleeves;  strings  tied  in  a bow  on  right  side. 

Length,  54  iuehes. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77090 

Collected  hy  Ensign  .1.  15.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  liy  men  in  summer  under  the  outer  garmeut. 

Outer  coat  (To  pou).  Ample  robe  of  niosi  or  grass  cloth;  gored 
skirt;  flowing  sleeves.  Divided  up  the  center  of  the  back  to  just 
below  the  shoulder  blades.  This  division  is  covered  over  by  a free 
panel  hanging  from  the  neck  and  going  over  the  shoulders.  The 
robe  is  hemmed  all  around,  the  gored  seams  felled;  where  the 
goods  would  be  subjected  to  strain  these  points  are  stitched  and 
corded.  Needlework,  quite  good. 

Length,  56  inches;  sleeves,  27  hy  22  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77105 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  15.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Girdle  (Theui).  Long,  round  cord  of  green  silk,  with  tassels.  It 
gathers  in  the  to-pou  or  robe  at  the  waist;  the  tassels  hang  down  in 
front. 

Length,  1)8  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77082 

Collected  by  Ensign  ,1.  15.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Cuffs  (To-syou).  Green  silk,  lined  with  coarse  cotton;  gored  to  make 
the  upper  end  wider.  Simply  worn  slipped  over  the  wrists.  Ex- 
cellent needlework.  Worn  by  men  in  cold  weather. 

Length,  11  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77083 

(.Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Man’s  shoes  (Sin).  Black  felt,  lined  with  white  leather.  The  lower 
edge  of  the  upper  is  Hared  out,  the  sole  ]mt  on  and  sewed  to  the  upper 
with  wide  stitches.  Space  Ixdween  sole  and  insole  tilled  with  lay- 
ers of  cotton  cloth,  as  in  Chinese  shoes;  edge  of  sole  coated  with 
white  size.  Hobnails  on  heel.  PI.  xx,  fig.  1,  middle  line  (com- 
mencing at  the  left). 

Length,  8 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77014 

Collected  by  Eusign  .1.  15.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  regular  shoe  worn  by  men  of  the  upper  class.  It  is  very  rigid,  and 
necessitates  the  wearing  of  padded  stockings. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVIII. 


Korean  Mourning  Head-dresses  and  Farmers'  Hat. 

(Upper  line,  commencing  at  the  left.) 

Fig.  1.  Moukn'ixc  Cai‘.  Coarse  hemp  cloth;  wedge-shaped;  made  like  a grocers’ 
paper  hag,  of  a single  piece  of  cloth.  Height,  inches;  diameter, 
inches.  (Cat.Xo.  77089,  I'.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign 
,J.  B.  Bernadoii,  U.  S.  X.) 

Fig.  2.  Moukning  Hat.  .-V  plaited  band  of  I'oarse  hemp  cloth ; stiffened;  lined  with 
paper;  bent  into  a peak.  A narrow  strip  of  cloth  forms  the  head  band; 
the  ends  of  this  stri]>  hang  free  below  the  chin.  Height,  13  inches.  (Cat. 
No.  77085,  F.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Berna- 
dou,  U.  S.  X.) 

Fig.  3.  Moukneh’.s  Hat.  Woven  of  bleached  split  bamboo.  The  shape  of  the 
national  hat.  Height,  4f  inches;  diameter,  1.5f  inches.  (Cat.  'iso.  77064, 
F.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  E'.  S.  X.) 

(Middle  line.) 

Fig.  1.  Mouiixeu’s  Head  Ring.  Two  strands  of  rice  straw,  covered  with  unhackled 
hemp,  twisted  together  to  form  a ring.  Diameter,  6|  inches.  (Cat.  X’o. 
77088,  F.  S.  X”.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou, 
U.  S.  X.) 

(Lower  line,  commencing  at  the  left.) 

Fig.  1.  Mourner’s  Hat.  Neatly  braided,  of  bamboo  splints;  edges  scalloped  and 
finished  off  with  braiding.  Rosette  of  bamboo  at  apex.  A frame  to  fit 
over  the  head  is  fastened  inside.  Height,  144  inches;  diameter,  25  inches. 
(Cat.  No.  77066,  F.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B. 
Bernadou,  F.  S.  X.) 

Fig.  2.  Far.mer’s  Hat.  Woven  from  sjilit  millet  stalks,  showing  geometrical  iiat- 
terns  made  by  contrast  in  color  of  the  different  sides  of  the  straw.  The 
weaving  is  finished  at  the  apex  without  showing  a break.  Braced  with 
hoojis  and  ribs  of  bamboo.  Outline  hexagonal.  Height,  16  inches;  diam- 
eter, 30  inches.  Area,  6 square  feet.  (Cat.  X'o.  77065,  F.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul, 
Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  F.  S.  is.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XVII! 


Korean  Mourning  Headdresses  and  Farmer’s  Hat, 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIX. 


Korean  Hats,  Shoes,  etc. 

(Upper  line,  commencing  at  the  left.) 

Fig.  1.  Court  Hat.  High,  terraced  crown,  made  of  stiff,  lacquered  paper  and  woven 
bamboo,  covered  with  black  sateen.  On  cither  side  at  the  back  are 
attached  curve<l,  oar-shaped,  gauze  wings,  which  project  horizontally 
forwards.  Height,  7 inches.  (Cat.  Xo.  77063,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea. 
Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

Fig.  2.  National  Hat.  Ma<le  of  fine  silk,  worn  over  a bamboo  framework,  stiffened 
with  size.  Small,  cylindrical,  truncated  crown ; broad  brim;  long  tying 
strings.  .Superior  handiwork.  Height  of  crown,  inches;  diameter  of 
brim,  18  inches.  (Cat.  No.  77060,  U.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected 
by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  IS.  X.) 

Fig.  3.  Caps.  Wide  circular  baud  of  black  horsehair,  neatly  woven.  Height,  7| 
inches.  (Cat.  Xo.  7711.5,  U.  S.  X.  M.  .Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign 
.1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  X.) 

(Middle  line,  commencing  at  the  left.) 

Fig.  1.  WiN’TKU  Hood.  I’urple  brocadeil  silk,  lined  and  trimmed  on  edge  with  fur. 

Open  at  top.  Width,  15  inches.  (Cat.  Xo.  77080,  U.  >S.  X.  M.  .Seoul, 
Korea.  Collecteil  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  X.) 

Fig.  2.  Exa.minatio.v  Cap.  Of  one  piece  of  coarse  black  cotton  stuff,  shaped  like  a 
grocer’s  paper  bag.  Height,  9 inches;  diameter,  7 inches.  (Cat.  Xo. 
77057,  U.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou, 
U.  S.  X.  J 

Fig.  3.  Cap.  Black  horsehair,  woven  in  the  shape  of  the  court  hat.  Height,  7 
inches.  (Cat.  Xo.  770.56,  U.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign 
.1.  B.  Bernadou,  L'.  S.  X.) 

Fig.  -1.  Ceukmonial  H.vt.  Helmet-shaped;  back,  shield-shaped;  woven  of  thin 
slivers  of  bamboo  incrusted  with  gilt  papier-miieh^  dragons,  scrolls,  etc. 
Front,  black  sateen,  curving  backwards  and  spaced  by  vertical  gilt  wires. 
Wooden  pin  runs  through  back  portion  of  hat.  Height,  10  inches.  (Cat. 
Xo.  77062,  U.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korcai.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bema- 
dou,  U.  S.  X.) 

Fig.  5.  Soldier’s  Hat.  Thick,  black,  stiffened  felt,  mixed  with  horsehair,  which 
shows  on  the  outside.  Band,  a red  cord,  with  tassels,  and  tail  buttons 
carveil  with  the  national  .symbol,  attached.  A long  switch  of  horsehair 
dyed  red  is  fastened  in  the  crown  by  a swivel  button.  Height,  5 inches; 
diameter,  15  inches.  (Cat.  Xo.  77058,  U.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Col- 
lected by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  X.) 

Fig.  6.  Chair  Coolie’s  Hat.  Black  stiffened  felt;  smooth  surface.  Shaped  like 
the  soldier’s  hat.  Height,  4 inches;  diameter,  15  inches.  (Cat.  Xo.  77061, 
F.  .S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  X.) 

(Lower  line.) 

Fig.  1.  Head  Band.  Skillfully  woven  of  horsehair,  with  drawstrings  and  two  ty- 
ing strings.  On  the  front  is  a piece  of  substance  resembling  amber,  which 
prevents  the  hat  from  slipping  down.  Length,  194  inches;  width,  3 
inches.  (Cat.  Xo.  77112,  U.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign 
.1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XIX. 


Korean  Hats,  Shoes,  etc. 


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EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XX. 


Fig. 


Fig.  1 


Fm. 


Fig.  3 


Fig.  4 


Fig.  1 


Fig.  2 


Korean  Foot  Wear. 


(Upper  line.) 

..  Rain  Clogs.  Hoat-sliaped;  cut  from  blocks  of  light  coarse-grained  wood. 
.Short  supports  raise  the  foot  about  4 inches  from  the  ground.  Length, 
11  inches.  (Cat.  No.  77015,  U.  8.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by 
Ensign  J.  B.  Beruadou,  I'.  .S.  N.) 

(Middle  line,  eoniinencin';  at  the  left.) 

. Man’s  .Shok.s.  Black  felt,  lined  with  white  leather.  The  lower  edge  of  the 
ujtper  is  Hared  out,  the  sole  put  on  and  sewed  to  the  upper  with  wide 
stitches.  Sole,  padded  with  layers  of  cotton  cloth,  as  in  Chinese  shoes. 
Hobnails  on  heel.  Length,  8 inches.  (Cat.  No.  77014,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul, 
Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Beruadou,  IJ.  .S.  N.) 

I.  Travklku’s  Sandals.  .Sole,  four  wisps  of  straw  woven  together  with  cot- 
ton rags,  fastening  in  the  strand  which  forms  the  nppers.  Length,  10 
inches.  (Cat.  No.  77011,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign 
.1.  B.  Beruadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

. Mouuneh’s  Sandals.  Twisted  rice  straw;  white  paper  wound  around  the 
heel  yoke  and  drawing  string.  They  differ  from  the  common  straw  sandal 
by  the,  7iaired  arrangement  of  the  straw  cords  which  go  over  the  sides  of 
the  foot.  Length,  10  inches.  (Cat.  No.  77012,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea. 
Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

. Sandals.  Rico  straw;  shape,  between  a shoe  and  a sandal;  covering  the 
sides  of  the  foot  and  open  above.  Length,  10^  inches.  (Cat.  No.  77013, 
U.  8.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

(Lower  line,  commencing  at  the  left.) 

. Women’s  Shoes.  Ui>i>ers  of  blue  cloth,  lined  with  ass  skin;  bound  with 
white  leather;  soles,  rawhide.  White  leather  scrolls  ornament  toe  and 
heel.  Neatly  finished  and  ornamented.  Length,  inches.  (Cat.  No. 
77016,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

. Child’s  Shoes.  Red  leather,  with  green  and  yellow  leather  foxings.  Upper 
and  sole  joined  together  from  outside.  Length,  6|  inches.  (Cat.  No. 
77081,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou, 
U.  8.  N.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hougn. 


Plate  XX. 


Korean  Foot-wear. 


KOREAN  COIJAX'TIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  ISIUSEUM. 


453 


I Head  rand  (Maiif^-kon).  kSkiHiilly  woven  ol'  liorseliair,  with  draw- 
string  ami  two  tying  strings.  ( )ii  tlie  front  is  a piece  of  a substance 
resembling  amber,  which  prevents  the  hat  from  slipping  down. 
PI.  XIX,  fig.  1,  lower  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Length,  19^  inches;  width,  3 inches. 

I Seoul,  Korea,  1SS5.  77112 

I Collected  l)y  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Wo)-n  around  the  head  to  keep  the  loose  hair  in  order.  It  may  he  the  ana- 
I log'ue  of  the  fillet  of  hark  or  leaves  worn  l>y  the  ancient  .Japanese  and  Chinese 

for  tlie  same  puri)ose,  and  now  often  worn  l>y  the  Koreans.  High  officials  wear 
a hutton  of  gold  or  jade  on  the  head  hand. 

1 mourner’s  costumes. 

The  mourning  customs  of  Korea  are  regulated  to  the  minutest  detail 
: by  the  Chinese  Hook  of  Eites,  the  Sa-ryei-pyellam,  a compilation  of  the 
I burdemsome  rules  that  should  govern,  coming  of  age,  marriage,  death 
and  burial,  and  the  worship  of  the  dead.  The  two  latter  are  very  full. 
The  portion  of  the  book  laying  down  the  mortuary  customs  is  trans- 
lated in  lioss’  Korea. 

The  two  year.s’  mourning  iieriod  required  on  the  death  of  jiareuts  is 
; governed  in  such  a way  that  it  amounts  to  hermit-like  seclusion  of  the 
I producing  members  of  society.  The  mourner  hides  his  face,  and  sits 
1 literally  in  “ sackcloth  and  ashes,”  and  his  labor  is  a loss  to  the  state 
tor  two  years. 

Mourning  Cap  (Tou-ken).  Hemp  cloth;  wedge-shaped;  made  some- 
what like  a grocer’s  paper  bag  of  a single  piece  of  coarse  stuff.  PI. 
XVIII,  tig.  1,  uiipei'  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  7f  inches;  diameter,  7f  inches. 

S(H>nI,  Korea,  ISS!”).  77089 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  II.  .S.  Navy. 

M'orn  on  special  mourning  occasions. 

Mourning  hat  (Koul-kfin).  Plaited  band  of  coarse  hemp  cloth; 
stiffened;  lined  with  paper.  Tliis  band  bent  into  a peak  forms  the 
(uown.  A narrow  strip  of  cloth  forms  the  head  biind;  the  ends  of 
this  strip  hang  free  below  the  chin.  PI.  xviii,  tig.  2,  upper  line 
(commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  13  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  188.5.  77085 

Colleet(‘d  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  N.avy. 

The  outer  of  the  three  Inenlilresses  (7708!),  77085,  and  77088).  Worn  on  spc'cial 
mourning  occasions,  such  as  the  day  of  a death;  after  the  ileeease  of  a ]).-irent; 
at  the  time  of  burial,  ami  at  the  exi)iration  of  the  first  and  second  years  after  a 
(h^atli. 

Mourner’s  hat  (Pyo-rang-i).  Woven  of  bleached,  sjilit  bamboo. 
Shape  of  the  national  liat.  PI.  xviii,  lig.  .‘>,  upper  line  (commenc- 
ing at  the  left). 

Diameter,  15J  ineh<‘s;  height,  IJ  inehe.s. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885. 


77004 


454 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MFSEUM,  1891. 

Mourner’s  hat — Conlimied. 

Collected  )>y  Ensign  J.  B.  Heniadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

'I'liis  liat  lias  a sjieeial  nse  in  mourning,  being  worn  by  a son  before  the  burial 
of  a,  deceased  jiarent;  worn  also  by  a(lo))ted  sons  in  mourning  for  their  real  )»ar- 
ents.  Otherwise,  it  is  used  by  chair  coolies  and  government  slaves.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  peddler  guild  fasten  small  pieces  of  raw  cotton  at  intervals  around 
the  base  of  the  crown. 

Moitrner’s  Head  rino  (Tei-toii-ri).  Two  .straud.s  of  l ioe  straw  covered 
with  uuhackled  hemp  twisted  together  to  form  a liiig.  PI.  xviii^ 
fig.  1,  middle  line  (commeucing  at  the  left). 

Diameter,  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77088 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  in  mourning  for  some  distant  relative. 

IMourner’s  Hat  (Pang-gat).  W'ell  made  of  bamboo  splints;  edges 
scalloped  and  lini.shed  with  braiding.  Crowned  at  apex  with  ro- 
sette of  bamboo.  A frame  to  litovei-  the  head  is  fastened  inside  and 
from  it  hang  tying  strings  of  twisted  pa])er.  PI.  xviil,  fig.  1,  lower 
line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Diameter,  25  inches ; height,  Itt  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77000 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  >S.  Navy. 

This  hat  is  designed  to  hide  the  face,  as  it  is  considered  a grievous  breach  of 
etiquette  to  look  into  the  face  of  the  mourner.  Taking  advantage  of  this  cus- 
tom before  Korea  was  ojiened  to  foreigners,  missionaries  disguised  themselves 
as  mourners  and  lived  and  taught  there  for  a long  time  without  detection. 

Mourner’3  head  band  (P’omang).  Woven  of  hemp  threads;  white 
tying  cords.  Same  shape  as  ordinary  head  band;  no  button  in 
front. 

Length,  23  inches;  width,  2 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77091 

Collected  hy  Ensign  .7.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  NaA’y. 

This  band  takes  the  jilace  during  mourning  of  the  otherwise  invariable  maiKj- 
kiin  or  head  band. 

Outer  mourning  robe  (Simeni).  Hemp  cloth,  finer  in  quality  than 
that  of  the  inner  robe.  Sleeves  wide;  made  in  two  pieces. 

Length,  4 feet. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77084 

Collected  by  Ensign  .J.  B.  Bernadou,  IT.  S.  Navy. 

Mourning  robe  (Tjoung-tou).  Inner  robe  of  very  coarse  hemp  cloth 
(sackcloth);  back,  a straight  piece;  two  gores  at  each  side  extend- 
ing from  the  armpits  down;  front,  a straight  piece  and  a gore. 
Sleeves,  .square;  collar,  rolling;  two  tying  strings. 

Length,  4 feet. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77083 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  by  men  under  the  si»ic«i. 

Regular  mourning  costume  made  after  a lixed  cernnonial  jintternand  worn  by 
a son  for  two  years  after  the  decease  of  a malejiarent. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


4o5 

(iiRi)LE  (Sam-di).  l{o])e  of  uuliackled  hemp,  with  loo[)and  knot.  The 
girdle  passed  arouud  the  body,  the  knot  hitched  through  the  loop 
aud  the  end  secured. 

Leiigtli,  71  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77090 

Collected  hy  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  II.  S.  Navy. 

The  girdle  is  worn  upon  the  occasion  of  the  death  of  a father.  After  the  death 
of  his  mother  the  Korean  wears  a stri]>  of  hemj)  clotli  as  a girdle  instead. 

Mourning  hand  screen  (Posdu).  Of  two  thicknesses  of  hemp  cloth, 
fastened  between  two  rods  also  covered  with  cloth.  A thin  strii> 
connects  the  rods  at  the  lower  ends. 

Width,  131  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77087 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Carried  by  the  mourner,  held  before  the  face  while  out  of  doors. 

Moitrner’s  leggins  (Be-haing-tyen).  Brown  heiii]>  cloth ; hemmed. 

Length,  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77086 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Mourner’s  sandals  (Om-jip-seki).  Twisted  rice  straw;  white  paper 
wound  around  the  heel  yoke  and  drawing  string.  They  differ  from 
common  sandals  by  the  paired  arrangement  of  the  straw  cords 
which  go  over  sides  of  the  foot.  PI.  xx,  tig.  3,  middle  line  ((*om- 
mencing  at  the  left). 

Length,  10  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77012 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

ACCESSORIES  OF  DRESS.  HATS,  SHOES,  ETC. 

OotJRT  HAT  (Samo).  High,  terraced  crown,  made  of  stiff  lacquered 
]>aper  and  woven  bamboo  covered  with  black  satteen.  It  fits  tightly 
over  the  forehead  and  on  either  side  at  the  back  are  attached  curved 
oar-shapcd  gauze  wings,  which  project  horizontally  forward.  PI. 
XIX,  fig.  1,  upper  hue  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  7 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77063 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  by  men  of  the  upper  aud  iniddhi  class  at  the  marriage  ceremony.  The 
wings  of  the  King’s  namo  are  vertical.  Grades  of  rank  are  marked  by  thickness 
of  the  wings;  being  two-ply  instead  of  single  in  higher  grades.  Compare  the 
.lapanese  official  hat.  Civil  officers  wear  this  hat  at  an  audience,  on  New  I'ear’s 
day,  on  the  King’s  birthday,  or  on  a formal  visit  of  congratulation.  Tln^-ings 
at  the  side  are  for  attaching  flowers  at  a particular  bam|U(d.  giv<m  by  the  royal 
family. 

National  ha'I'  (Kaf).  Made  of  line  silk  over  a bamboo  framework; 
stiffened  with  size.  Small,  cylindrical,  truncabul  crown;  broad 
brim;  long  tying  strings.  Su]>erior  hamliwork.  PI.  xix,  lig.  2, 
iqiper  line  (commencing  at  the  hd't). 


456  REPORT  OF  NA'JTONAL  MIJSEFM,  180E 

Nationae  iiA'i' — Continued. 

Diameter  of  brim,  18  inches;  height  of  crown,  4^-  indies. 

.Seoul,  Korea,  ISS.").  77060 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  li.  Bernadon,  C.  »S.  Xavy. 

Worn  by  all  classics  in  Korea,  indoors  and  out.  It  does  not  fit  over  the  head, 
but  is  placed  on  the  crown  and  held  in  ]>osition  by  the  tying  strings. 

Cap  (Kiin).  Wide,  cireuliir  baud  of  black  horseliair.  I’l.  xix,  tio-. 

u])per  line  (cdniinencing  at  tlie  left). 

Height,  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  188.6.  77115 

Collected  by  Ensign  .].  B.  Bernadon,  F.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  by  those  of  the  literary  class  who  have  not  as  yet  passed  examinations 
oi'  held  otliee;  also  allowed  to  any  or.e  who  jiassiss  the  second  grade  in  merit  at 
the  literary  or  military  e.xaminations  liefore  holding  ofliee.  The  lower  class  of 
nieridiant.s  and  laborers,  unless  after  such  examinations,  can  not  wear  it. 

Examination  cap  (Yu-kiin).  Of  one  ])iece  of  coarse,  black,  cotton 
stuff,  shaped  like  a grocer’s  itaper  bag.  IM.  xix,  fig.  2,  middle 
line  (conimeucing  at  the  left). 

Height,  9 inches;  diameter,  7 incli(*s. 

.Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77057 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  II.  .S.  Navy. 

Worn  by  students  only  at  the  literary  examinations,  which  are  held  yearly 
for  the  preliminary  grade.  Thisstyhi  of  cap  is  rejinted  to  be  made  in  the  slnqie 
of  the  mountain  near  which  Confncins  was  born.  It  was  intiodneed  from 
China  several  centuries  ago,  probaldy  during  the  Ming  dynastj’. 

Cap  (T’ang-kbn).  Black  horsehair  woven  in  the  shape  of  the  court  hat. 
Weaving  barred;  that  is,  the  weaving  is  so  di.sposed  as  to  leave 
oblong  reticulations.  PI.  xix,  fig.  3,  middle  line  (commencing  at 
the  left). 

Height,  7 inches. 

.Seoul,  Kore.a,  1885.  77056 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  by  all  officers  in  government  service  and  by  those  who  have  passed 
the  first  grade  in  the  literary  and  military  examinations.  It  is  worn  when  at 
home  or  indoors  by  all  officers,  a few  of  the  lower  grades  of  attendants  at  the 
“yamouns”  or  official  houses,  such  as  upper  pcdicenien,  being  alone  excepted. 

Ceremonial  HAT  (Keum-kon).  Helmet-.shaped.  Back,  shield-.shaped ; 
woven  of  thin  slivers  of  bamboo  incrustcd  with  gilt  jiapier-iuache 
dragons,  scrolls,  etc.  Front,  black  satteen,  curving  backward 
and  s]iaced  by  vertical  gilded  wires.  The  front  band  has  a deco- 
rated itaiiel.  Head  rim  adjustable;  tied  with  blue  silk  cord.s.  A 
large  wooden  pin,  with  cord  and  tassel,  is  thrust  through  the  sides 
of  the  back  ])ortioii  of  the  hat.  PI.  xix,  fig.  4,  middle  line  (com- 
mencing at  the  left). 

Height,  10  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77062 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  E.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  upon  the  occasion  of  the  King's  offering  sacrifices,  by  those  who  assist 
him  in  the  ceremony.  A similar  hat,  not  gilded,  is  worn  by  those  officiating  at 
the  seini-annnal  sacrifices  to  Confncins.  These  are  ottered  throughout  Korea  in 
all  districts  governed  by  magistrates. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  457 


Ceremonial  hat  (Keum-kon).  Ilelinet-shaped,  framed  of  bamboo, 
silk,  and  paiier.  Covered  with  black  silk.  Rim  and  shield-shaped 
back  incrustation  of  iiaiier.  Design,  the  dragon;  gilded.  Open 
at  each  side  of  the  crown,  which  curves  backward  and  is  spaced 
with  live  gilt  wires.  A wooden  ])in  is  thrust  through  the  back  of 
hat  and  ornamented  with  blue  silk  cord. 

Height,  9f  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1884.  151637 

Collected  hy  P.  L.  JoTiy. 

tVith  this  hilt  is  worn  a red-silk  gown  partially  embroidered.  All  ofiSeers, 
eivil  or  military,  above  the  ninth  rank  (or  chief  clerk  of  any  office  in  the  United 
States)  don  this  style  of  dress  on  the  1st  of  .January,  when  there  is  an  audience 
with  the  King.  It  is  also  worn  at  times  of  thanksgiving  or  congratulation  of 
the  royal  family.  (See  No.  77062). 

Soldiers’  hat  (Paug-ko-tji).  Thick,  black,  stiffened  felt,  mixexl  with 
horsehair,  which  shows  as  a mat  on  the  outside.  Resembles  a 
sombrero.  Band,  a red  cord  with  tassels  and  two  carved  talc  but- 
tons attached.  A long  switch  of  horsehair  dyed  red  is  fastened  in 
the  crown  by  a .swivel  button.  Id.  xix,  hg.  o,  middle  line  (com- 
mencing at  the  left). 

Diameter,  15  inches;  height,  5 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77058 

Collected  hy  Ensign.!.  B.  Bernadou,  IT.  S.  Navy. 

The  hat  is  heavy  and  resemhles  the  Japanese  pot  helmet  (kahuto);  probably 
it  is  made  thick  for  defense.  The  plume  (syang-mo)  is  the  distinctive  badge 
of  soldiers.  Koreans  say  that  this  ornament  and  the  sleeves  of  the  cavalry 
soldiers  are  dyed  red  in  older  to  accustom  the  horses  to  the  sight  of  blood. 
Some  of  the  troops  .still  wear  these  hats. 

Chair  coolies’  hat  (rong-ko-tji).  Black,  .stiffened  felt;  smooth  sur- 
face. Shaped  like  the  .soldier.s’  hat.  PI.  xix,  fig.  G,  middle  line 
(commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  4 inches;  <liamcter,  15  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77061 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  by  chair  coolies,  hostlers,  and  road  runners  who  accompany  noblemen 
when  on  a journey. 

Hat  in  box  (Bung-gu-gi).  Woven  by  hand  of  bamboo  splits,  horse- 
hair, and  silk  thread.  The  hat  boxes  are  made  from  sjilints  of 
bamboo  covered  witli  oiled  jiajier. 

Height,  54  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151628 

Colleided  by  P.  L.  .louy. 

Made  aftm-  the  Euro])ean  style  at  the  time  when  the  Progressive  Party  at- 
teni])ted  to  introduce  Euro])ean  dress  and  manners.  It  was  the  custom  of  the 
King  to  present  these  hats  to  foreigners  for  eritieism. 

Beads  worn  on  hat  (Gum-ga-kat-gun).  Imitation  amber  beads  and 
bugles  strung  on  a cord  alternately. 

Length,  66  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea. 

Collected  by  Dr.  II.  N.  Allen. 

M orn  lor  ornament  by  oflieeis;  suspended  from  one  side  of  the  hat. 


130868 


458  REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 

Farmers’  hat  (Kat-si).  Woven  of  s])lit  stalks  of  millet,  showing 
geometrical  patterns  made  by  the  diffei  ent  sides  of  the  straw.  The 
weaving  is  closed  at  the  a]>ex  of  the  hat  without  showing  a break. 
Braced  inside  with  hoops  of  bamboo  and  ribs  running  from  the 
apex  to  points  on  the  edge.  In  the  toj)  is  a frame  to  fit  around  the 
liead.  Outline,  hexagonal.  J’l.  xviii,  fig.  2,  lower  line  (commenc- 
ing at  the  left). 

Height,  16  inches;  diameter,  60  inclies;  area,  6 s(|iiare  feet. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77065 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  U.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Hat  cover  (Kanno).  Polygonal  cone  of  oiled  )>a])er;  folding.  Htriug 
of  twisted  white  paper  crossed  under  the  chin  and  held  in  the  hand. 

Length,  LS  inches. 

.Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77019 

Collected  by  Ensign  ,1.  R.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

This  cover  is  sometimes  worn  over  a light  frame  of  bamboo  sticks  which  serve 
as  a suj)i)ort  instead  of  tlie  hat.  When  not  in  use  the  eover  is  folded  nj)  like  a 
fan  and  put  in  the  sleeve.  Tliis  is  an  interesting  form  of  the  umbrella. 

Rain  coat  (Yousam).  Oiled  i)aper;  simifiy  made;  large  .sleeves. 
The  sesamum  oil  is  applied  after  the  coat  is  made. 

Length,  4 feet. 

Seoul,  Korea,  188.5.  77017 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  II.  >S.  Navy. 

straw  rain  coats  like  those  used  in  China  and  .Lapan  are  also  used  in  Korea. 
Worn  by  men  of  the  serving  class. 

Rain  clogs  (FTamack-siu).  Boat-.sha]»ed  clogs,  cut  out  of  blocks  of 
light,  coarse-grained  wood.  Short  supjiorts  rai.se  the  foot  about  4 
inches  from  the  ground.  PI.  xx,  fig.  1,  upper  line  (commencing 
at  the  left). 

Length,  11  inches. 

(Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77015 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  l’^.  .S.  N.avy. 

Worn  on  muddy  ground  byj)oor  jieople.  Compare  the  .lapanese  rain  clogs. 

Sweat  shield  (Dung-dung-gu-ri).  Bamboo  openwork  device,  worn  by 
men  under  the  clothes  to  luevent  their  becoming  damp.  Consists 
of  three  panels,  the  larger  going  over  the  chest  and  the  smaller  over 
the  shoulders.  Folding;  very  good  workmanshi}). 

Length,  16  inches;  width,  16  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77028 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  >S.  Navy. 

Cuffs  (Dung-to-su).  Openwork  cufts  of  bamboo  coils  wound  with  rat- 
tan. Worn  by  men  to  itrevent  sleeves  at  wrist  becoming  dani]»  from 
Iterspi  ration. 

Length,  7 inches. 

.Seoul,  Korea,  1885. 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 


77029 


kOUKAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  459 


Tkaveleks'  sandals  (( ’liip-seki).  Sole,  four  wisps  of  rice  straw,  woven 
together  with  eottou  rags,  fasteuiug  in  tlie  strands  which  form 
the  uppers.  These  strands  cover  only  the  sides  of  the  foot  in  the 
front  portion.  The  heel  turns  sharply  uj),  bearing  a yoke  which 
tits  over  the  back  of  the  heel,  (fathering  string  of  grass.  Worn  by 
farmers.  PI.  xx,  tig.  2,  middle  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Length,  10  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77011 

Collected  by  Ensign  ,J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Sandals  (Sang-jip-sin).  Rice  straw;  shape,  somewhat  between  a shoe 
and  sandal ; covering  the  sides  of  the  foot  and  open  above.  PI. 
XX,  tig.  4,  middle  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Length,  101  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77013 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  by  farmers,  laborers,  etc.  These  sandals  do  not  wear  long,  so  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  carry  several  pairs  for  a long  journey  afoot.  Tliey  co.st  only  a few 
mills  a ])air. 


TOILET  AKTICLES  AND  ACCESSORIES. 

Tweezers  (Tjok-tjip-kei).  Brass  strip;  rudely  bent. 

Length,  2 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  • 77051 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Carried  in  the  chon-moni  or  toilet  bag. 

Pocket  mirror  (Kyol).  Silvered  glass  set  iu  a wooden  frame,  with  a 
pivoted  lid.  Frame,  stained  red. 

Size,  by  2f  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77049 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

One  of  the  toilet  articles  usually  carried  by  every  Koi’ean  man  and  boy. 

Comb  cleaner.  Thin  .strip  of  horn,  pointed,  and  with  a shield-shaped 
head. 

Length,  4 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77115 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  point  is  used  to  clean  the  comb  and  the  head  to  a])])ly  paint  to  the  face 
by  Korean  ladies. 

IlAiR-ARRANOER.  Thill  sti  ij)  of  liorii  witli  rounded  ends,  bent  slightly 
in  the  middle.  Used  to  push  back  stray  locks  under  the  head 
band. 

Length,  44  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77048 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Coarse  comb  (Or-om-pit).  Hard  wood;  made  by  hand. 

Length,  3J  inches;  width,  2f  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885. 

Collected  by  Ensign  ,1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  ,S.  Navy. 


77044 


4G0  REPOUT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 

Fine  <!o.aih  (Tchom  pit).  l)oiil)l(‘,;  inadeol'  tliiii  slivers  of  bamboo  fas- 
tened between  cleats  of  tbe  same  material. 

Lcnijtli,  HJ  iiiclie.s;  width,  2 iiiche.s. 

Seoul,  Korea,  188.">.  7704.5 

(.'ollected  hy  Eiisif*!!  .1.  U.  Ih'rnadoii,  U.  S.  Navy. 

All  classe.s  <rive  f;reat  attention  to  the  cao!  of  the,  hair.  Every  man  and  hoy 
earrie.s  a eoinh  in  tlie  small  hai;  hnii};  at  tlie  waist. 

CoMi5  (('dioin  ])it).  Fine  teetli  of  bamlxto  held  in  series  by  cleats  of 
bamboo. 

Leii}>tli,  8't  inches;  width,  1|  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130858 

(hdlected  hy  Dr.  II.  N.  Allen. 

CoMii  nox  (Bid-jnl)).  Oblonji  wooden  box  witli  lid  and  drawer;  cov- 
ered with  a n('ometric  veneer  of  different-colored  pieces  of  bamboo. 

Dimensions,  5f  hy  4if  hy  24  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151G15 

(hdlected  hy  P.  L.  .louy. 

Useil  hy  men  to  hold  comhs  and  a sheet  of  oiled  paj)er,  on  which  are  collected 
comhings,  whi<’h  are  carefully  hnrned  once  a year. 

Hair  pin  (Ok  jiim).  (rri'en  Jade.  The  head  of  the  jtin  is  elegantly 
ciirved  in  oiienwork  with  letives  and  thovers. 

Length,  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130875 

Collected  hy  Dr.  II.  N.  Allen. 

The  Jade  is  imported  from  China  and  worked  in  Kori*a.  These  small  pins  are 
generally  worn  hy  ehlerly  ladies. 

Ear  spoon  case  ((’hu-e-jib).  Hexagonal  tube  of  precious  white  jade, 
the  sides  finely  fretted  with  floriated  designs.  Generally  carried  by 
ladies. 

Length,  3J  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130872 

Collected  by  Dr.  II.  N.  Allen. 

Ear  spoon  case  (Cliu-e-jib).  Hexagonal  tube  of  precious  white  jade; 
the  sides  in  fretwork  (-arving,  like  Xo.  130872.  Suspended  by'silk 
cord. 

Length,  3-f|  inches. 

Seoul.  Korea.  130873 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Rece])tacle  for  ear  spoons  and  toothpicks. 

Hair  ornament  (Mang-ja-sug-ung-hwang).  Oblong  bead,  flattened 
on  one  side.  IMade  of  realgar  or  red  sulphide  of  arsenic. 

Length,  21  inches ; width.  If  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  128122 

Presented  by  C.  (L  Talcott,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Worn  by  ladies,  with  the  exee])tion  of  widows  and  those  in  mourning,  flood 
quality;  valued  for  its  cidor  and  electrical  ])ro])erties,  in  which  it  resembles 
amber. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  461 


Hair  ornament  (Da-clm-sn-quang).  Uate-sliaped  head  of  clay,  painted 
red  in  imitation  of  realgar. 

Length,  If  inches;  wifith,  f inch. 

Sconl,  Korea,  1884.  77050 

Collected  hy  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  IT.  S.  Navy. 

The  specimen  is  attached  to  a strip  of  black  silk  designed  to  he  twisted  with 
the  (pieue,  which  hoys  are  compelled  to  wear  until  15  years  old. 

Ornamental  knife  (Jang-do).  No  blade.  Handle  of  amber  with 
silver-gilt  fittings.  Suspended  by  a silk  cord  with  tassel. 

Length,  5 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130870 

Collected  hy  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Worn  hy  ladies  as  an  ornament- 

Ornametal  knife  (Jang-do).  No  blade.  Handle  of  white  jade;  lit 
tings  of  silver  gilt. 

Length,  7|  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130860 

Collected  hy  Dr.  H.  N.  Alien. 

Worn  h5'  men  as  an  ornament. 

Knife  and  chopsticks  (Jang-do).  Square  handle  and  sheath  of 
dark-brown  hard  wood  (san-u-ja).  Iron  blade;  German  silver  fit- 
tings. 

Length,  64  inches. 

Tong-ua,  Korea.  151609 

Collected  hy  P.  L.  Jouy. 

Penknife.  One  blade  of  soft  iron;  wooden  handle;  brass  end  clips 
engraved  with  dragon’s  head;  no  spring;  the  nail  depression  is  in 
the  curving  end  of  the  blade. 

Length,  open,  6 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77043 

Collected  hy  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Korean  cutlers  do  not  make  their  wares  on  a fi.xed  ])attern  in  any  numbers; 
that  is,  they  will  not  take  an  oriler  for  1 dozen  knives  made  after  a certain 
style. 

Pocket  knife  and  tweezers  (Ju-mu  iii  pal-qua-jok-jnk  ga).  Two 
blades;  iron  and  brass;  horn  handle;  brass  spring.  The  tweezers 
slij)  over  the  outside  of  the  handle. 

Length,  closcal,  31  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151611 

(Nillectcd  hy  P.  L.  .lony. 

Scent  bag  (Iliang  nang).  Red  satin  endnoidered  with  flowers,  etc., 
and  lined  with  blue  satin.  Mouth  drawn  up  with  a silken  string. 
Length,  3J  inches;  width,  41  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130865 

Collected  hy  Dr.  II.  N.  Allen. 

Used  hy  young  men  for  holding  spices  or  nu'dicine.  Made  hy  tlie  court  ladies 
for  distribution  hy  the  King  and  (^ueen  to  their  relatives. 


4B2 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 


Small  scent  bag  (Ha-raiig).  Yellow  satin,  erahroiileied  in  bright 
colors.  Mouth  drawn  together  with  a silk  cord. 

Diameter,  2 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1.80866 

Collected  hy  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Given  to  the  children  of  the  royal  families  on  New  Year’s  day.  Made  by  the 
ladies  in  the  palace. 

Belt  clasp  (Bi-don).  Precious  white  jade;  oblong;  fine  perforated 
carving  of  the  dragon. 

Length,  2^  inches ; width,  1|  inches. 

Seoul,  Corea.  130874 

Used  by  officers  in  uniform  to  fasten  a hunch  of  silk  covering  an  ivory  tablet, 
on  which  are  engraved  their  name,  rank,  etc. 

Folding  FAN  (Sun-ja).  Bamboo  sticks  covered  with  paper;  not  dec- 
orated. The  outside  sticks  are  strengthened  by  a piece  of  hard 
Avood  set  in  at  the  rivet  end. 

Length,  10  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77020 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadmi,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Korean  fans  are  noted  for  their  strength  and  durability. 

Fan  (Tei-eul-sen).  Bigid  fan  of  bamboo  .splints  covered  with  varni.shed 
oiled  paper,  set  into  a black  lacquered  handle.  Decorated  with  the 
Korean  national  symbol  (a  pair  of  red  and  black,  comma-shaped 
spirals  coiled  together  in  a circle)  emblematic  of  the  positive  and 
negative  essences  of  Chinese  philosophy. 

Length.  13  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77021 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Carried  by  the  better  class  of  Korean  women. 

Fans  (Bu  clia).  Paper  on  bamboo;  folding.  Lacquered  sticks  burnt 
in  figures.  Paper  oiled  to  render  it  more  durable. 

Length,  from  10  to  164  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130850 

Collected  by  D.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Folding  fans  are  generally  carried  by  men.  The  smaUer  fans  are  for  carrying 
in  the  pocket  or  sleeve,  but  the  large  fans  are  used  by  servants  to  fan  their 
masters.  The  large  fans  are  not  made  for  trade,  but  are  the  annual  tribute 
from  the  southern  provinces  and  are  distributed  by  the  King  to  the  high  officers 
in  Seoul. 

Ladies’  fan  (Mi-sun).  Rigid  fans  covered  with  oiled  paper;  round  and 
other  shapes,  with  black  lacquer  handle. 

Diameter,  9^  inches. 

Cholla-do,  Korea.  130848 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Woman’s  mat.  Sheet  of  red  oiled  paper,  stamped  tvith  Avhite  figures, 
folded  into  a square  form. 

Seoul,  Korea.  153612 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  purpose  of  this  mat  is  to  catch  the  hair  and  bits  of  nail,  which  are  care- 
fully collected  and  burned  once  a year  m accordance  with  a widespread  custom- 


KOKEAX  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  463 


I’IPE  BOWL  AND  MOUTHPIECE.  Of  white  metal ; stem,  straight  piece 
of  bamboo  about  a yard  long,  cleared  of  divisions  by  a long  iron 
drill. 

Seoul,  Kore.i,  1885.  77041 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Beruadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Koreans  are  reported  to  be  inveraie  smokers.  “A  little  jxmcli  is  even  hung  to 
the  girdle  of  ehildren,  significant  of  their  future  proficiency  in  smoking,”  writes 
the  author  of  Choson.  Mr.  Roekhill  has  found  them  reckoning  tune  by  pipes 
of  tobacco.  The  pipe  is  much  larger  than  that  of  the  Japanese. 

Pipe  bowl  and  mouthpiece.  Of  brass;  large  bowl. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77040 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadoii,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Tobacco  box  (Tam-pai-ho-rap).  Oblong,  rectangular  box  of  iirecious 
serpentine  of  dark-green  color,  with  yellow  mottlings ; lid  and 
box  highly  polished.  Two  compartments  for  holding  dilierent 
kinds  of  tobacco.  PI.  xxi,  fig.  1 (commencing  at  the  left). 

Length,  64  inches;  width,  4f  inches;  height,  44  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130846 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N^.  Allen. 

Tobacco  box  (Tam-pai-ho-rap).  Oblong  rectangular  box  finely  wrought 
from  green  serpentine.  With  cover.  Highly  polished.  PI.  xxi,  fig. 
2 (commencing  at  the  left). 

Length,  64  inches;  width,  4f  inches;  height,  44  inches. 

Dan  chun  City,  Korea.  130845 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  X".  Allen. 

Inlaid  tobacco  box  (Tam-pai-ho-rap).  Kectangular  iron  box  inlaid 
with  silver;  sliding  lid;  bolt  for  fastening ; staple  through  which 
a strap  passes  for  carrying.  The  method  of  inlaying  i>ursued  is 
to  hack  the  surface  of  the  iron,  lay  on  the  wire  design  and  fasten 
with  i)ressure  and  hammering.  The  Avide  inlays  are  engraved. 
I’l.  xxi,  fig.  .‘1  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Size,  4x2|x24  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77038 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bcrnadmi,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Design  on  the  lid  is  Sang-hi,  “Long  life  and  hap])iness  ” character;  on  end 
mythological  design  of  stork  and  tortoise;  on  sides  deer  browsing  on  leaves ; 
the  dead  s]>aces  matted  with  stars  and  four-petahxl  flowers;  horders  of  Grecian 
and  other  designs.  The  Korean  silver  inlaying  is  excellent  and  well-known 
art  work. 

Tobacco  box  (Tam-iiai-ho-rap).  Circular  box  with  lid;  made  of  a soft 
reddish  soap  stone  called  hua  ban-.suk.  Turned  on  a recii)rocating 
lathe  and  ixdished  with  stone  dust,  a rough  e<|uisetaceous  plant 
(sok-sa),  and  oil.  PI.  xxi,  fig.  4 (commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  31  inches;  diameter,  Ijj  inches, 

Fusan,  Kon^a,  1884. 

Collected  by  P.  L.  Jouy. 


151617 


464  REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 

Tobaoco  box,  Ii'oii  inlaid  with  co])]kt  filature.  Circular,  with  lid. 
The  iron  is  first  made  rough  by  filing  or  hacking  and  the  wire  de- 
sign laid  on  and  hammered  down  and  the  whole  burnished  and 
])olished.  Very  fine  work.  Designs,  ])lum  bloom,  bamboo,  pine, 
chrysanthemum,  birds,  and  insects.  The  lid  bears  “ Good  luck” 
character.  PI.  xxi,  fig.  5 (commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  3 iuches;  diameter,  1 iiielies. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77039 

Collected  by  En.sign  .1.  B.  Beriiadmi,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  subjects  of  design  have  their  significance  in  the  folk-lore  of  Korea  as  in 
.Japan. 

Tobacco  box  (Tam  pai  ho  rap).  Circular  iron  box  with  lid.  Inlaid 
with  silver  filatures  and  lactpiered  in  the  interspaces.  Side  orna- 
mented with  archaic  Chinese  chiiracters;  reserve  spaces  filled  with 
a mat  fret  design.  Happiness  character  on  the  lid.  PI.  xxi,  fig.  0 
(commencing  at  the  left). 

Height,  2f  inches,  diameter,  4 iuehes. 

Seoul,  Korea.  15161 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .Tony. 

Pipe  (Dam-be  ta).  Bowl  and  moutlipiect*  of  an  alloy  like  German  sil- 
ver, decorated  with  niello  work.  Stem  etched  and  lacfiuered. 

Finsan,  Korea.  130847 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Tobacco  (Tam  pe).  Dark-yellowish  color;  cut  quite  fine.  Not  very 
strong. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1884.  151639 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .Tony. 

This  specimen  is  called  sucho  and  is  not  of  good  quality.  Korean  tobacco  is 
said  to  be  suitable  for  the  European  market. 

Snuff  BOTTLE  (Bec-yun-tong).  Small  fiat  bottle  with  neck;  made  of 
smoky  agate. 

Height,  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130871 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Seldom  made  use  of  by  Koreans.  This  si)ecimen  is  from  China.  Carried  in 
the  pocket. 

THE  PICTORIAL,  PLASTIC,  AND  DECORATIVE  ARTS. 

METAL  AVORK. 

Cast  bronze  image  (ancient)  (In  hiung).  Rudely  modeled.  Rep- 
resents a warrior  in  scale  armor  rvith  stvord  in  hand. 

Height,  3^  inches. 

Torai,  southern  Korea. 

Collected  bj'  P.  L.  .Jouy. 


151606 


/ 

s 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXI. 


Korean  Tobacco  Boxes. 

(Commencing  at  the  left.) 

Fig.  1.  Tobacco  Box.  Oblong,  rectangular  box,  of  dark  green  serpentine  with  yel- 
low mottlings;  lid  and  box  highly  ])olished.  Two  compartments  for  hold- 
ing different  kinds  of  tobacco.  Length,  6|  inches;  width,  4f  inches; 
height,  4|  inches.  (Cat.  No.  130846,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected 
by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen) 

Fig.  2.  Tobacco  Box.  Oblong,  rectangular  box,  finely  wrought  from  green  serpen- 
tine, highly  i)olished,  with  cover.  Length,  6 inches;  width,  4|  inches; 
height,  inches.  (Cat.  No.  130845,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Da  Chnn  City,  Korea. 
Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen.) 

Fig.  3.  Tobacco  Box.  Rectangular  iron  box  inlaid  with  silver;  sliding  lid;  bolt 
for  fastening;  brass  staple,  through  which  a strap  is  passed  in  carrying. 
Designs  on  the  sides:  the  stork,  tortoise  and  deer,  emblems  of  longevity. 
On  lid,  the  Sang-hi  “Long-life  and  happiness”  character.  Size,  4 by  2f 
by  2J  inches.  (Cat.  No.  77138,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected 
by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bcruadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

Fig.  4.  Tobacco  Box.  Circular  box,  with  lid;  made  of  a soft  reddish  soapstone 
called  hua-bau-sok.  Turned  on  a reciprocating  lathe  and  polished  with 
stone  <lust,  a rough  equisetaceous  plant  (sok-sa),  and  oil.  Height,  34 
inches;  diameter,  4J  inches.  (Cat.  No.  151617,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Fusau,  Korea. 
Collected  by  P.  L.  Jouy.) 

Fig.  5.  Tobacco  Box.  Circular  iron  box,  with  lid;  inlaid  with  copper  filatures. 

Designs : plum  bloom,  bamboo,  pine,  chrj'santhemum,  birds,  and  insects. 
The  lid  bears  the  “Good-luck”  character.  Height,  3 inches;  diameter, 
4 inches.  (Cat.  No.  77039,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  En- 
sign .1.  B.  Bemadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

Fig.  6.  Tobacco  Box.  Circular  iron  box,  with  lid;  inlaid  with  silver  filatures  and 
lacquered  in  the  interspaces.  Side  ornamented  with  archaic  Chinese 
characters;  reserve  spaces  filled  with  a mat  in  fret  design.  “ Happiness” 
character  on  lid.  Height,  24  inches;  diameter,  44  inches.  (Cat.  No. 
151614,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou, 
U.  S.  N.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XXI. 


Korean  Tobacco  Boxes. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  465 


Bronze  image  (ancient)  (In  Figure  of  a Avarrior;  arms 

missing,  but  from  the  position  of  the  stumps  he  seems  to  be  draw- 
ing a bow. 

Uei*>iit,  indies. 

'J'oiai,  Korea,  1883.  15160.5 

(’olleeted  )>y  1*.  ij.  .lony. 

Probably  used  a.s  an  ornament  on  some  Imildinj;'  (temple)  or  on  armor. 

Cover  of  fire  nox  (Hwa-ru  dug-ke).  Brass;  eireuhir;  jierfonited 
design  of  lotus  dowers,  etc. ; cliased  and  repousseed. 

Diameter,  indies. 

Korea.  151613 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .Joiiy. 

From  a temple  vessel,  jirobably  a liaud-warmer. 

Donkey  reel  (Bang- wool).  Globular  east  brass;  raised  ornamenta 
tion. 

Diameter,  2 inches. 

Fusan,  Korea.  151601 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .lony. 

Wind  bell  (Pung-kiung).  Brass;  crueiform  clapper  with  globular 
ends.  A chain  hangs  down  from  the  clapper  bearing  ti  sheet  brass 
fish,  which  rings  the  bell  when  swayed  in  the  wind. 

Height,  2^  indies. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151516 

Collected  by  I’.  L.  .Joiiy. 

Hung  in  the  eaves  of  houses  and  temples.  The  ,Jai>anese  have  a similar 
custom. 

INLAYING,  EMBROIDERY,  ETC. 

Pillow  end  (Be-ga-mo).  Disk  of  wood  painted.  Design,  two  tigers 
and  pine  tree.  Coatt'd  tvith  a transparent  layer  of  gelatinous  sub- 
stance resembling  horn.  PI.  xxii,  fig.  1 (commencing  at  the  left). 

Diameter,  6 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77035 

Collected  liy  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadoii,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  Korean  pillow  is  a cylindrical  case  stuffed  with  hair  or  rice  straw.  It 
has  ornamented  ends. 

Pillow  end  (Be  ga-mo).  Circular  piece  of  wood,  lac(piered;,incrusted 
with  haliolis  shell.  Figures  representa  tiger  under  a pine  tree;  along 
the  border  is  a band  of  arabesipie.  PI.  xxii,  fig.  2 (commencing  at 
the  left). 

Diameter,  8;J^  indies. 

Tong-young  City,  Korea.  1.30851 

Collected  by  Dr.  11.  N.  Allen. 

This  is  1 ot  i>art  of  a regular  jiillow,  but  for  the  kind  used  as  an  arm  rest. 

PiLi.ow  END  (Ja  ga-be-ga  ino).  Disk  of  wood  fastened  in  the  end  of 
th(‘  cylindriciti  jiillowcase;  inlaid  in  black  lac(in<>r  with  Imliolis 
shell.  Subject,  the  great  tlnigon  rising  from  the  .stni  into  the  sky 
in  the  spring  setisou.  PI.  xxii.  tig.  .3  (commencing  at  tin*  left). 
Diameter,  8 indies. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885. 

SM  tU,  PT  2 30 


77032. 


4f)fi  KEPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 

PiLLOAV  END — Continued. 

Collected  l>y  Ensign  .1.  H.  Hernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  I'iong,  ov  dragon,  is  one  of  the  four  niytliologie  beasts.  In  ]>me  art  the 
whole  body  of  the  dragon  is  not  showti,  hut  ))artly  shrouded  in  clouds. 

J’lLLOw  END  {.la-ga-be-gii  ino).  Circular  disk  of  wood,  inlaid  with 
niothor-of-pearl.  I)e.sion,the Chin(\se  “good  luck ” character.  I’l. 
XXII,  fig.  4 (conunencing  at  the  left). 

Diameter,  7 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  7703.3 

Cfdlected  hy  Ensign  .1.  H.  Hernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Pillow  end  (Be-ga-ino).  Embroidered  in  colored  silk.  Design,  the 
Chinese  tai-ki,  three  comiua-shaped  objects  coiled  in  a circle. 
Around  this  is  grouped  the  eight  geoinantic  signs.  PI.  xxii,  fig  5, 
(commencing  at  the  left). 

Seoul.  Korea.  77034 

Collected  hy  Ensign  .1.  K.  Hernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  colors  are  related  to  the  meaning  of  the  symhol. 

Embroidered  screen  (Su-biung).  Folding  screen  with  tmi  leaves 
embroidered  in  flower.s,  butterflies,  etc.,  on  a white  .satin  ground. 
Along  the  border  of  the  oblong  surfaces  are  strii)s  of  brocaded  silk, 

.Seoul,  Korea.  1308.55 

Collected  hy  Dr.  11.  N.  Allen. 

Generally  found  in  ladies’  apartments.  This  8))ecimen  was  made  in  northwest 
Korea. 


PAINTING  IN  tVATER  COLORS. 

Scroll  picture  ( Yong  gu-rim).  In  colors;  reinesents  the  dragon 
rami)ant  in  the  clouds,  with  its  mysterious  ball  (yu-u-ju). 

Length,  47  inches;  width,  28  inches. 

Interior  of  southern  Korea.  151596 

Collected  hy  1^.  L.  .Tony. 

The  hall  before  the  dragon  is  believed  to  j>os.s<‘ss  mystic  (uialiti<-s;  hy  it  the 
dragon  causes  wind  to  blow,  rain  to  fall,  and  other  miracles.  Ignorant  ])eople 
to  tiring  good  fortune  hang  a jiicture  of  the  dragon  in  their  sleejiing  rooms. 
The  figure  of  the  dragon  is  jiopularly  used  in  jiaintings  and  carvings,  not  only 
because  of  the  old  lielief  in  the  fabulous  stories,  hut  because  the  long  body  with 
four  short  legs  is  convenient  to  mahe  many  curves  like  arabesques  and  to  fill 
a narrow  sjiace  in  d(‘coration. 

Si;roll  PICTURE  (Gurim.)  “Spring  in  Korea:”  in  water  colors.  The 
favorite  i)lum  trees  in  bloom,  willows  with  ex])anding  leaves,  etc., 
are  well  painted,  and  the  whole  effect  is  pleasing. 

Length,  6 feet  7 inches;  width,  3 feet. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151.598 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .Tony. 

Painted  liy  .Jo  .lung  Mnk,  an  artist  in  government  service  who  is  noted  for 
his  water-color  portraits. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXII, 

Korean  Inlaid  and  Embroidered  Pillow  Ends. 

(Commencing  at  the  left.) 

Fig.  1.  Pillow  End.  Disk  of  wood,  painted.  Design,  two  tigers  and  a ])ine  tree. 

Surface,  coated  with  a transparent  layer  of  a gelatinous  substance  re- 
sembling horn.  Diameter,  inches.  (Cat.  Xo.  7703.5,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul, 
Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  15.  Beruadou,  IT.  S.  N^.)  ' 

Fig.  2.  Pillow  End.  Disk  of  wood,  lacquered;  incrusted  with  haliotis  shell.  De- 
sign, tiger  under  a pine  tree;  along  the  border  is  a band  of  arabesques  in 
shell.  Diameter,  8;J-  inches.  (Cat.  Xo.  1.308.51,  U.  S.  X'.  M.  Toiig-young 
City,  Korea.  Collected  by  Dr.  II.  X".  Allen.) 

Fig.  3.  Pillow  End.  Disk  of  wood  incrusted  in  black  lac<iuer  with  iridescent 
haliotis  shell.  Subject,  the  great  dragon  rising  from  the  sea  into  the  sky 
in  the  sjiring  season.  Diameter,  8 inches.  (Cat.  X"o.  77032,  U.  S.  X’^.  M. 
Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  X.) 

Fig.  4.  Pillow  End.  Disk  of  wood,  inlaid  with  mother-of-pearl.  Design,  the 
Chinese  “ Good  Luck  ” character.  Diameter,  7 inches.  (Cat.  Xo.  77033, 
U.  S.  X'.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  X.) 

Fig.  5.  Pillow  End.  Embroidered  in  colored  silks.  Design,  the  Chinese  tai-ki, 
three  comma-shaped  objects  coiled  in  a circle.  Around  this  are  groujied 
the  eight  geomantic  signs  (Pal-qua).  Diameter,  8 inches.  (Cat.  Xo. 
77034,  U.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou, 
U.  S.  X.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XXII. 


Korean  Inlaid  and  Embroidered  Pillow  Ends. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MI'SEUM.  467 


Book  of  water-color  paintings  (Hwa-diup).  Painted  in  water 
color  on  silk.  The  eight  sketches  of  birds  and  animals  are  painted 
by  one  artist  and  alternated  with  three  kinds  of  hieroglyidiics  writ- 
ten by  ditferent  men.  The  work  is  excellent  and  full  of  feeling. 

Length,  18  inches;  -width,  111  inches. 

Collected  by  P.  L.  Jouy. 

Painted  about  1790,  by  Ilniu-ja  or  “Ye  Chok,”  one  of  the  popular  artists  of 
that  time,  who  lived  at  Sing  Chow.  Drawn  in  Seoul  while  on  a visit  to  the 
Kim  fiimily. 

Scroll  picture.  Water  color  of  a tiger  (Jok-ja  under  a pine-tree. 
Iron  rings  for  suspension. 

Length,  47+  inches;  width,  28  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  1.51597 

Collected  by  P.  L.  Jouy. 

Porcelain  screen.  Photograph  of  a flue  painted  screen  from  the 
royal  palace. 

Seoul,  Korea.  129558 

Collected  by  Gustavus  Goward. 

Water-color  painting  (Gu-rim).  Man  in  ordinary  dress  and  hat 
worn  at  home.  1. 

Water-color  painting  (Gu-rim).  Closed  sedan  with  sliding  win- 
dows, carried  by  four  men.  Used  by  the  high  officers  and  their 
wives.  Com])are  the  Japanese  Kago.  2. 

Water-color  painting  (Gu  rim).  Officer  in  armor  with  sword  in 
hand.  3. 

The  armor  worn  l)y  officers  is  made  of  small  plates  of  leather  and  iron  joined 
together.  It  is  covered  with  red  woolen  cloth  ornamented  with  figures  made 
of  copper  or  silver  gilt  and  boi-dered  with  fur  and  lined  with  thick  blue  silk. 
Officers  are  allowed  to  use  the  royal  ('olor. 

[ Water-color  painting  (Gu-rim).  Olflcer  in  full  dress  uniform.  4. 

I Water  color  painting  (Gu-rim).  Man  riding,  servant  leading  the 
horse.  5. 

I Water-color  painting  (Gu  rim).  Prime  minister  seated  on  a sedan 
carried  by  four  men.  The  sedan  and  large  fan  are  lawfidly 
allowed  only  to  the  ])rime  minister.  (>. 

1 Water-color  painting  (Gu  rim).  Buddhist  priest  with  hatof  str:iw 

I in  the  act  of  bowing.  7. 

Water-Color  painting  (Gu  rim).  Otflcer’s  servant  dressed  in  bhick 
coat  find  hat  ;md  white  belt,  ciirrying  his  imister’s  official  dress 
and  tobacco  box.  H. 

Wa'I'ER-color  painting  (Gu-rim).  Ihdace  s(‘ivant  wciiring  brown 
coat  and  blue  sash;  sword  on  b;ick.  !). 

'I’his  servant  is  selected  from  the  class  of  respeclable  citizens  and  trained  as 
:i  regular  soldier.  Tlien^  are,  live  linndied  such  servants  in  th(>  j)alace  at  Seoul. 

Water  COLOR  pain'ITNG  (Gfi-rim).  bady  in  ordinary  die.ss.  The 
small  ornament  on  the  toj)  of  the,  head  and  the  purple  vest  are 
never  worn  together.  10. 


4GS  REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  18!»1. 

Water  COLOR  painting  (Gu  rini).  Boy  in  house  dress:  the  queue 
shows  tliat  he  is  unmarried.  11. 

Water-color  painting  (Gu-rim).  Lady  in  house  dress  consisting 
of  a yellow  coat  and  red  skirt;  these  colors  are  ouly  worn  hy  uu- 
niarried  women.  Hi. 

Tlie  hair  oriiaiiu'nt  is  always  atlorncd  with  jewels  except  in  mourning.  It 
is  prohibited  to  widows. 

Water-color  painting  (Gu-rim).  Lady  in  street  costume,  wearing 
the  prescribed  green  veil.  13. 

Water-color  painting  (Gu-rim).  Lady  in  house  dress.  14. 
Water-color  painting  (Gu-rim).  I’rime  minister  in  pink  robe, 
.seated  on  a sedan.  The  fan  and  sedan  show  the  rank.  Link  is 
used  by  all  officers  of  the  iq)per  house,  either  civil  or  military.  15. 
Water  color  painting  (Gu-rim).  Servant  of  the  tribunal  or 
chamber  court.  10. 

Water-color  painting  (Gu-rim).  Civil  officer  of  the  second  rank, 
denoted  by  golden  belt;  seated  on  a sedan  of  lacquered  wood 
having  one  wheel.  The  seat  is  about  5 feet  from  the  ground  and 
the  sedan  is  propelled  and  supported  by  5 men.  17. 

.Size,  It  by  11}  inches. 

The  monocyele  usually  travels  faster  than  the  Korean  hor.se.  Officers 
in  this  high  .sedan  usually  have  twenty  followers. 

Collected  by  AV.  AV.  Koekhill. 

The  preceding  series  (Kos.  1-17)  is  from  Seoul,  Korea.  131315  (17) 
Book  of  aa^ater-color  paintings  (Hwa-chup).  Bound  in  folio  of 
the  native  paper,  with  back  of  blue  cloth.  Contains  thirty-seven 
stiffly  drawn  figures  of  sages  and  spiritual  beings,  illustrating  the 
mythological  stories  of  Korea. 

.Seoul,  Korea.  130880 

Collected  by  Ur.  II.  N.  Allen. 

Scroll  picture  of  a Korean  lady.  Painted  in  water  color.  This 
Iiicture  gives  an  idea  of  the  mode  of  Avearing  the  hair  and  the 
house  costume  of  the  Korean  ladies. 

.Size,  24  by  48  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77071 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  K.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  pictures  used  in  the  decoration  of  the  inner  or  living  rooms  of 
the  common  people  are  gaudily  colored  and  stiffly  drawn.  The  sub- 
jects of  Korean  common  pictorial  art  are  flowers,  fruits,  animals,  etc., 
in  contrast  Avith  the  dramatic  and  blood-curdling  common  prints  of  the 
Ja))ane.se. 

Picture.  Colored.  Storks,  deer  eating  “immortal  grass,”  aud  turtles 
in  the  sea.  Poetical  illu.stration.  1. 

U.sed  for  household  decoration  by  the  lower-class  Koreans.  This  picture 
illustrates  the  “Ten  long  lives,”  or  those  things  in  nature  existing  longer  than 
human  beings.  They  are  the  sun,  moon,  mountain,  water,  turtle,  deer,  swan, 
pine,  bamboo,  and  a plant  called  bu-sut. 


KOREAN  rOT.EECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  iMT'SEUM. 


4fi9 

PiCTUEE.  Flowers,  colored.  The  ros(‘,  elirysaiitheiimni,  hihi.scus 
mittabiliff,  peouy,  convolvulus,  grapes;  an  aquarium  rvitli  lisli, 
two  vases  decorated  with  geomautic  (national)  symbols,  placed  on 
table  and  floor,  are  shown.  2. 

Usually  seen  in  living  rooms  of  the  common  peoiile. 

Picture.  Colored.  Subject,  the  male  and  female  phoenix  with  young 
near  their  nest  in  the  black  rock  under  the  odong  or  paulownia 
tree.  Sunrise.  3. 

In  Korean  folklore  these  birds,  called  “Pong  and  Hoang,”  are  said  tf»  bring 
forth  their  young  like  animals  and  only  on  the  birth  of  a sage  is  a phoenix  born. 
The  nest  must  he  in  a hole  in  the  rock  under  the  shade  of  a paulowuia  tree. 

Picture.  Golden  pheasants,  mowtan  peony,  plum  tree,  waterfall, 
and  pair  of  little  birds,  4. 

House  decorations  of  the  common  people. 

Picture.  Vase  decorated  with  wave  pattern;  filled  with  flowers 
of  the  hibiscus,  hul-su  or  snapdragon,  pomegranates,  and  apricots. 
On  the  ground,  oranges  and  bunches  of  immortal  grass.  5. 

Picture  such  as  is  found  in  living  rooms  of  the  common  people.  Hung  upon 
the  door. 

Picture.  Eepresents  a cock.  One  of  the  four  watchful  animals,  G. 

One  of  the  four  pictures  such  as  are  found  hanging  on  the  outside  of  the 
storeroom  in  the  dwellings  of  the  common  people. 

Picture.  Decorated  vases,  pencil  rest,  dish  of  peaches  on  table, 
coral  and  peacock  feathers  in  tall  vase  decorated  with  wave  pat- 
tern, mystic  bowknot,  and  conventional  dragon.  7. 

The  common  people  delight  in  these  gaudy  pictures  and  hang  them  up  in 
their  living  rooms.  Used  for  hanging  on  a closet  door. 

Picture.  Tiger  and  immortal  plant.  8. 

Gaiidj'  picture  bought  by  the  common  people. 

Picture.  Dog,  with  collar  and  bells  around  its  neck.  9. 

One  of  a set  of  four  ])ictures  which  decorate  the  outside  of  a storeroom. 

Picture.  Vases  and  dishes,  roll  of  pictures  tied  together  with  band 
of  ribbon.  Dish  contains  kain  or  persimmons,  a Korean  fruit.  10. 

Used  l)y  common  peoj)lc.  Hung  on  the  closet  door. 

Picture.  Mythological  beast  called  a lion,  with  collar  and  bells. 
Tongues  of  flame  issue  from  its  fe(T.  11. 

One  of  the  four  animals  of  watchfulmiss.  lIuTig  outside  of  a storeroom. 

Picture.  Tiger  rampant.  A favorite  representation  of  Korean 
artists.  12. 

One  of  the  four  ])ietures  of  the  watchful  animals  hung  on  the  outside  of  the 
storeroom. 

Colleet<^d  l>y  Ensign  .1.  R.  Rernadou,  IT.  K.  N.avy. 

The  preceding  series  (Nos,  1-12)  is  from  Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  770o2  (12) 

Screen.  Silk;  painttal  with  a scene  which  represents  an  (“inperor  of 
(lliiiiit  of  the  Ming  dyiiiisty  reet'iving  itresents  from  statics  tributary 
to  (lliina.  Figlit  letives;  old,  rare,  and  linely  painttal. 

Wiilth,  22  inches;  length,  1 feet. 

Seoul,  Korea,  iSS.'i. 


7711G 


470 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MFSEUM,  1891. 


Wliite  cock,  Iumi,  and  cbicks  by  the  bam- 
Hawk  on  (diff  overhanging  the  sea,  with 


SOREEN — ( 'ontinued. 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  R.  Hernadon,  II.  S.  Navy. 

'I’liis  screen  is  worthy  of  close,  study  for  the  unniher  of  nationalities  dejiicted 
and  from  the  fact  that  it  is  an  example  of  the  finest  Oriental  liand-iminting. 
The  scene  is  of  about  four  liundred  years  ago ; the  Koreans  with  jiardonalile 
jiride  have  placed  themselves  in  the  front  rank. 

Water-color  paintino.  Mandarin  duck.  1. 

Water-color  paintino. 
boo  brake.  2, 

Water-color  paintino. 
captured  duck.  3. 

This  picture  is  well  drawn;  the  siu’ay  under  the  seaweed-covered  rock  and 
the  fierce  mien  and  pose  of  the  hawk  are  well  executed. 

Water-color  painting.  Hawk  about  to  sittack  a monkey,  which 
hides  itself  under  the  trunk  of  a pine  tree.  4. 

The  monkey  is  not  found  in  Korea. 

Water-color  painting.  Eagle  perched  in  a plum  tree.  5. 

Water-color  painting.  White  eagle  with  quarry;  a pheasant.  (J. 

Water  color  painting.  Swans  among  the  reeds.  Poetical.  7. 

Wai’er-color  painting.  Korean  hunting  falcon  in  pursuit  of  a 
white  hare.  8. 

Water-color  painting.  Floidc  of  cranes  on  a pine  tree.  Poetical 
and  mythological  illustration.  9. 

Water-color  painting.  Crane  and  fragrant  plum  tree.  Poet 
ical  and  metaphorical,  the  crane  signifying  the  child  and  the  plum 
tree  the  mother.  10. 

Lion  under  pine  tre(“.  Very  poor  repre- 


Water-color  painting. 

sentation.  11. 

Water  COLOR  painting. 
Water-color  painting. 
Water-color  painting. 

tration  of  some  poem. 
Water-color  painting. 
Water-color  painting. 


Tiger  crotiching  under  a pine  tree.  12. 
Gray  scpiirrel  on  branch  of  pine  tree.  13. 
Pair  of  musk  deer.  Probably  iin  illus- 
14. 

Pair  of  antelope.  15. 

Well  groomed  horse  tied  to  a willow  tree. 
Spring  scene;  often  painted  by  Korean  artists.  10. 
Water-color  painting.  Horses  at  play,  lea])ing  and  rolling. 

Spring  scene;  an  illustration  of  a poem.  17. 

Water-color  painting.  I’air  of  dogs  under  trees.  Mythological 
dogs,  illustrating  a folk  story.  18. 

Water-color  painting.  Sea  monster  (whale)  swallowing  a junk.  19. 
Water-color  painting.  Manchurian  crane.  20. 

Sepia  draaving.  Landscape,  winter  scene;  mountains  partly  covered 
with  snow.  Sliows  !i  ])agoda  and  the  roof  of  a tenii»le.  22. 


KOREAN  COLLECTK^NS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  471 


Water-color  painting.  Landscape,  summer  scene;  sliown  by  thick 
foliage  and  by  people  sitting  in  the  open  pavilions.  23. 
Water-color  painting.  Landscape,  spring  scene;  village  at  sun.set, 
men  reading  by  the  window,  and  fishers  returning  across  a quaint 
bridge.  24. 

Water-color  painting.  Landscape,  autumn;  mai)le  trees,  water 
flowing  under  a stone  bridge,  a man  on  a two  wheeled  sedan  of  the 
kind  probably  used  in  Korea  in  old  times.  25. 

Water-color  painting.  Illustrates  the  story  of  a man  who  was 
famous  for  his  good  handwriting.  jSTo  one  has  attained  to  his  ex- 
cellence since  his  death.  26. 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  iireceding  series  (Kos.  1-26)  is  from  Seoul,  Korea.  77117 

Water-color  painting.  Landscape,  autumn  mooidight  scene;  the 
maples  and  bamboo  surround  the  student’s  house,  1. 
Water-color  painting.  Landscape,  winter  moonlight  scene  after 
a snowstorm.  2. 

Water-color  painting.  Butterflies  and  flowers.  3. 

Painted  by  Han,  a native  artist.  Used  for  house  decoration. 

Water-color  painting.  Submarine  view,  crabs,  shrimiis,  mollusks, 
and  seaweeds.  4. 

This  picture  bears  marks  of  having  been  drawn  by  a literary  man  rather  than 
a regular  artist. 

Water-color  painting.  Story  of  Lomoo,  a Chinese  officer  ban- 
ished by  the  Emperor  through  intrigue.  Though  he  had  grown 
old  in  exile,  and  suffered  from  hunger  and  iirivation,  yet  he  loyally 
holds  up  the  rod  with  five  bunches  of  red  silk  given  him  by  the 
Emperor.  5. 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Tlie  preceding  series  (Kos.  1-5)  is  from  Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77118 

By  far  the  better  pictures  in  the  collection  are  the  following  outline 
sketches  in  India  ink,  which  may  be  entitled  “Scenes  from  the  Social 
Life  of  Korea.”  They  are  a revelation  in  Korean  art,  since  they  show 
bold  drawing,  free  treatment,  and  humorous  caricature  like  that  found 
in  the  realistic  school  of  Japan. 

These  pictures  illustrate  the  social  customs  and  industrial  arts  of  the 
l)cople.  They  were  originally  bound  together  to  form  a boy’s  picture 
book.  They  are  supposed  to  be  nearly  three  hundred  years  old. 
India-ink  drawing,  MjThological  picture;  the  seven  good  beings 
or  secondary  angels  of  Korea  and  China,  with  the  animals  and 
plants  appertaining  to  them.  Tliese  beings  in  Japan  are  called  the 
seven  gods  of  happiness.  The  central  figure  bears  a striking  re- 
semblance to  the  Japanese  llotei,  the  jiresident  of  the  seven.  The 


472 


KEl’OUT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSKUM,  1891. 


India- INK  drawing — Coiitimu'd. 

scene  is  interesting  in  tracing  tlie  Cliinese  influence  to  .lapan 
through  Korea.  Tiiis  set  of  character  ]>ictures  were  drawn  hy  the 
artist  Han-Jin-o,  1. 

iNDiA-iNK  DRAWING.  Mythological  picture;  the  seven  wise  men  or 
gods  of  good  fortune.  The  ('entral  figure,  Laotze,  writes  verses  upon 
a scroll  and  produces  Jewels  and  living  animals  from  his  pen.  2. 

India-ink  draaving.  Marriage  procession  of  the  groom  vi.siting 
his  intended  bride.  Men  in  advance  carry  lanterns  for  the  occa- 
sion, followed  by  the  bearer  of  a wild  duck  or  model  of  one,  the 
symbol  of  domestic  felicity.  Then  comes  the  bridegroom  in  court 
dress,  alwiiys  worn  on  such  occasions  by  all  except  coolies.  As  a 
rule  the  young  man’s  former  nurse  follows.  3. 

India-ink  draavinit.  Coolies  at  a Avell.  Around  the  wide,  shallow 
well  Avomen  are  drawing  water  Avith  rope  and  bucket,  to  fill  jars 
which  are  carried  on  the  head.  4. 

This  picture  shows  the  dress  of  the  lower  class. 

India-ink  draaving.  Instruction  in  archery;  teacher  showing  lad  how 
to  draw  the  bow.  The  awkward  pose  of  the  beginner  is  well  caught. 
Others  are  stringing  the  bow  and  straightening  the  arrow.  5. 

India-ink  draaving.  Peddlers  returning  from  Avork.  Shows  horses, 
pack  saddles,  coolie’s  dress,  and  method  of  smoking.  0. 

The  pack  saddles  shown  here  have  a deep  seat  between  two  yokes.  They  are 
girthed  and  have  a wide  breech  band.  Rungs  are  set  in  between  the  yokes  of 
the  saddle,  to  which  packages  are  tied.  One  of  the  coolies  is  striking  a light 
with  flint  and  steel. 

India-ink  draaving.  Begging  bonzes  on  the  road  side.  On  a 
large  sheet  of  paper  are  a number  of  strijis  upon  which  are  written 
sums  of  money  or  grain  as  paid  for  certain  efficacious  prayers.  The 
Avoman  iu  front  is  about  to  thi’ow  down  a few  cash,  for  which  the 
prayers  Avill  be  said.  The  bonzes  carry  small  boat-shaped  drums, 
and  sing  the  sacred  songs  invoking  blessings  on  the  contributors. 
The  lady’s  attendant  carries  a smoking  outfit  on  her  head  and  fan 
in  her  hand.  7. 

These  priests  are  not  regular  beggars,  but  perform  this  office  according  to  the 
rules  of  a certain  sect. 

India-ink  draaving.  Preparing  tobacco  for  smoking.  The  stems 
are  removed  and  the  leaA^es  piled  evenly,  then  the  piles  are  cut  into 
shreds  with  a long  lever  knife.  The  expectant  attitude  of  the  man 
Avho  is  waiting  for  some  tobacco  is  very  comical.  8. 

India-ink  Draaving.  Pea.sant’s  family;  woman  spinning  and  man 
making  matting  on  a Aveighted  loom.  The  loom  frame  is  tA\m 
forked  sticks  driven  in  the  ground  and  a bar  placed  across.  The 
warp  threads  are  wound  around  Aveights.  These  are  diAuded  alter- 
nately to  opposite  sides  of  the  bar.  In  working  the  loom  a weft 
sti-aw  is  laid  in  Avhere  these  threads  cross  the  bar,  and  one  set  of 


KOREAN  OOLLEC'TJONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  473 


India-ink  drawing — Continued. 

weights  tlirowu  over,  the  other  set  thrown  back,  inclosing  the  rush 
in  the  warp.  This  is  a tedious  process,  but  produces  good  work 
with  little  machinery  and  skill.  Korean  matting  is  very  good.  9. 

India-ink  drawing.  (Jountry  people  passing  on  the  road.  Shows  the 
high  saddle  and  common  method  of  riding  by  holding  on  to  the 
saddle  and  allowing  the  horse  to  be  led.  10. 

Etiquette  requires  that  women  vail  their  faces  on  meeting  men.  This  repre- 
sents the  wedding  procession  returning  from  tlie  bride’s  house. 

India-ink  drawing.  House  building.  ' Shows  men  planing  timbers, 
tiling,  etc.  11. 

Tiles  are  imbedded  in  h.alls  of  mud  placed  upon  the  roof.  The  plane  has 
handles  at  the  sides. 

India-ink  drawing.  Wrestling  match.  Spectators;  street  candy 
seller.  1 2. 

India-ink  drawing.  Boats  propelled  by  sculling,  ferrying  passen- 
gers across  stream.  13. 

India-ink  drawing.  Women  washing  clothes  by  beating  them  with 
clubs  on  rocks.  Women  braiding  hair;  man  peeping  from  behind 
his  fan.  11. 

India-ink  drawing.  Coolies  eating  by  the  roadside.  Bowls  and 
spoons  are  being  used.  15. 

India-ink  drawing.  Eoadside  inn.  People  of  middle  class  taking 
food  and  smoking.  16. 

These  open  road.side  inns  resemble  those  of  .Japan. 

iNDiA-iNK  DRAWING.  Coolics  resting  by  roadside;  smoking  and  chat- 
ting. 17. 

India-ink  drawing.  Country  peddlers.  Man  carries  large  basket  of 
of  vegetables  or  salt  fish  on  his  head;  woman  carries  child  and 
cradle-shaped  basket  containing  crabs.  18. 

The  child  is  carried  as  in  J.apan,  seated  inside  the  loose  upper  garment. 

India-ink  drawing.  Forging.  Smith  holds  red-hot  iron  on  an\41, 
witli  tongs,  while  two  men  strike.  Boy  blows  bellows,  and  man 
sits  on  the  ground  dressing  ]>iece  of  wood  with  curved  drawknife. 

19. 

India  ink  drawing.  Shoeing  a horse.  Tools  lying  on  ground.  20. 

The  animal  is  thrown  and  the  smith  tacks  on  a circnlar  shoe  without  calks.  ‘ 
Korean  horses  arc  rarely  castrated;  hence  are  vicious.  The  otlicials  ride  don- 
keys almost  universally. 

iNDiA-iNK  DRAWING.  Plowing  and  working  the  lields.  Two  oxen 
are  attached  to  a light,  one  handled  jilow.  Two  men  hoeing  with 
implements  rcsendiling  i>otato  forks.  21. 

In  Korea  the  horse  is  never  emi)loyed  in  the  plow. 

India-ink  drawing.  Thrashing  by  beating  sheaves  across  a rough 
log  of  wood  and  swiH'ping  grain  IVom  the  smooth,  hard  ground. 
The  man  taking  his  easi*.  near  by  is  (he  overseer.  22. 


474 


REPOET  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 


India  INK  drawing.  Sclioolimi.ster  aiid  class  of  cliildreii.  Jdoys  are 
studyinf?,  and  one  is  “backing  Ids  iiook,”  that  is,  reciting  by  turn- 
ing Ids  back  to  the  teacher  and  iihicing  liis  book  behind  him.  23. 

INDIA-INK  DRAWING.  Farmers’  wives  weaving.  Woman  working  at  a 
rude  loom;  an  old  woman  taking  care  of  children,  and  a woman 
singeing  thread  to  remove  frayed  libers  before  using  it  for  weaving. 
24. 

IndiA-ink  drawing.  Hired-boy  daiuier  and  band  of  music.  Mu- 
sicians .seated  in  semicirch*.  Instruments:  Hass  drum  in  frame  like 
.Japanese  drum,  accordeou,  flute,  fifes,  and  guitar.  2r>. 

India  INK  drawing.  Catching  fish  in  a weir.  Men  in  boats  are  dip- 
])ing  out  fish  into  Jars;  at  one  end  of  weir  is  Hock  of  birds.  2G. 

iNDiA-iNK  DRAWING.  Wood-caiTiers  re.sting  and  playing  a game  with 
small  stones;  frames  for  carrying  wood  at  one  side.  27. 

'I’he  carrying  frame  .sliown  i.s  rectangular,  woven  at  back  with  rattan,  with 
arm  loops  at  side  and  ropes  for  encircling  the  burden.  The  arms  are  passed 
through  loo])8  and  load  carried  on  bac^k.  A much  more  commonly  used  frame 
is  made  of  two  Ibrked  limbs,  cut  a))out  3 feet  long  anil  mortised  together 
with  slats. 

India-ink  drawing.  Competitors  for  the  civil-service  examination. 
This  styleof  dress,  cap,  and  shoes  are  worn  during  the  examination. 
Ou(?  youth  shows  his  friends  the  ]>aper  on  which  the  answers  will  be 
written.  2<S. 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  K.  Ifernadou,  IT.  S.  Navy. 

The  lu  eccding  series  (Nos.  1-28)  is  from  iSeoul,  Korea,  1885.  77119  (28) 
SOCIAL  RELATIONS  AND  PUBLIC  WELFARE. 

COMMUNICATION  AND  RECORD  OP  IDEAS. 

WUITINUJ  IMPLEMENTS  AND  METHODS — PIUNTING. 

Seal  (Do-su).  Oblong  hard-wood  block,  with  seal  characters  cut  on 
two  faces.  Obverse  characters,  “ Gaw-wee,”  and  rever.se,  “ Seal  of 
Cang-Won-sung-duk.”  Used  by  some  private  institution. 

Dimensions,  4 by  21  by  if  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151607 

Collected  bj'  P.  L.  .Tony. 

Box  i-'OR  SEALS  AND  INK  (Bo-sii-hab).  Obloiig  box  of  soapstone,  of 
reddish  color,  with  lid;  highly  polished. 

Length,  4|  inidies;  width,  31  inches;  height,  2 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130844 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

This  beautiful  soapstone  is  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  country. 

Uncut  seals  (9)  (l)o-su-dol).  Oblong  stpiared  blocks  of  mottled  soap- 
stone. Used  by  literary  men  or  artists. 

Height,  1|  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea. 

(h)llected  by  Dr.  II.  N.  .Mien. 


130843 


KOKEAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


475 


LTncut  seals  (Do-su-dol).  Block  of  soap.stone,  with  sitting  figure  of 
the  lioii  badly  carved.  The  square  surface  on  the  bottom  is  ready 
for  engraving  either  a man’s  name  or  some  motto. 

Height,  2+  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130842 

Collected  l>y  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

This  style  of  seal  is  generally  used  by  literary  ]»eople.  The,  design  orig- 
inated in  China. 

Ink  STONE  (Be-ru-dol).  Oblong  slab  of  black  slate,  with  cover  of 
wood. 

Length,  4f  inches;  width,  24  inches. 

Nam-po  City,  Korea.  130838 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Ink  stone  (Be-ru-dol).  Oblong  slab  of  hard  black  stone,  with  lid,  on 
Avhich  is  carved  a fiowering  plnm  tree. 

Length,  5^  inches;  width,  3 inches. 

Nam-po  City,  Korea.  1.30839 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Rolls  of  letter  paper  (I)u-ru-ma  ri).  White  paper  .sized  and  i)ol- 
ished.  Medium  quality;  made  from  the  bark  of  the  tak  tree. 

Width,  64  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  ‘ 130837 

Collected  by  Dr.  II.  N.  Allen. 

Pencils  or  rrushes  (Boot).  Made  from  the  hair  of  a small  animal 
resembling  the  rat  (chung-sal-mo),  fixed  in  bamboo. 

Length,  8 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130841 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

For  letter-writing  and  c(>])ying.  Generally  manufactured  in  the  province  of 
Ham-kinng-do. 

Pencil  .tar  (Pil-tong).  Porcelain  (*ylinder  decorated  witli  figures  of  a 
man  and  a woman,  in  water  colors. 

Height,  44  inches;  diameter,  2j  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130840 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Pencil  .tar  (Pil-toug).  Octagonal  va.se  of  precious  .serpentine. 

Height,  5|  inches;  diameter,  4J  iindies. 

Seoul,  Korea,  188.5.  38.329 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  H.  Heruiidou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

This  stone  is  prized  by  the  Koreans,  who  make  from  it  ))cncil  jars,  ink. stones 
tob.acco  box(!S,  etc. 

Bencil  rest  (Pil-.san).  Carved  .soai)stoue,  rejtre.senting  Bo  ja  ( Baotze), 
a Chiiie.se  ])hilo.sopher,  .sisited  on  a cow. 

He.ight,  2f  inches. 

.Seoul,  Korea. 

Collected  l)v  Dr.  II.  N.  Allen. 


130.867 


47G 


1{KP0RT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSETM,  18t‘l. 

Bursil  HOLDER  ( Til  Carvod  teak  wood,  lepreseiiting  a knotty 

tree  trunk. 

10  iiicli<‘8;  Uiiimeter,  lOi  inchcK. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130879 

Collected  by  Dr.  IL  N.  Allen. 

Of  the  form  used  by  Chinese  scholars  for  holding  brushes  and  rolls  of  ]>ai)er. 

Wood  block  (cast).  Double  face,  the  uiiper  showing  the  face  and 
back  of  the  harj)  called  Iva-nuiii-go,  a Chinese  in.strunient.  The 
lower  face,  with  ])icture  of  flight  of  butterflies. 

Length,  11  inches;  width,  5 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  153611 

Collecte<l  by  P.  L.  .louy. 

Used  to  “ pull”  ini]irints  on  letter  paper  by  rubbing. 

Printino  block  (Ban  jul  pan).  Wooden  block;  ends  wedge-shaped 
for  fitting  into  a holder.  Engraved.  PI.  xxiii. 

Length,  17f  inches;  'wi<lth,  8 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77018 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Blocks  and  movable  type  are  both  used  in  Korea.  This  is  a common  block 
for  printing  the  alphabet  sheet  from  which  children  learn  the  on-moun  or  na- 
tive Korean  character.  The  characters  arc  arranged  in  vertical  columns,  and 
above  each  is  a rough  pictorial  representation  of  something  containing  the 
initial  consonant  sound  of  the  characters  in  the  column.  The  writing  on  the 
left  is  astrological. 

Satow  says,  “There  are  some  Korean  books  dating  back  to  1317  and  1321, 
]>riuted  with  movable  type.”* 

PROPERTY,  TRADE,  COMMERflE,  AND  INTERCOMMUNICATION. 

Carrying  cloth.  Square  piece  of  coarse  cotton  stiitt"  .stamped  iu 
black.  At  each  corner  is  sewn  a .strong  band  of  folded  cotton. 

Size,  48  by  .55  inches  sipiare. 

.Seoul,  Korea.  15.3013 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

\Vraj)ped  around  parcels  carried  by  ])orters. 

METJlOns  AND  MEDIA  OF  E.XCHAXGE. 

Three  “cash”  piece.  Copper  coin  worth  about  .3  cents.  Inscrip- 
tion, “Great  East.  Tliree  cash.” 

Diameter,  1 inch. 

Korea.  

Gift  of  W.  A.  Mintzer,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Silver  coin  (Sam  jun).  The  inscription  is  “ Great  Eastern  Kingdom, 
one  mace.”  In  center  of  obverse  of  coin  is  a disk  of  transparent 
blue  enamel  about  ^ of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Beneath  this  is  the 
character  for  treasury.  Debased  silver,  l alue  about  15  cents. 

Di,ameter,  i of  an  inch. 

Korea.  

Gift  of  W.  A.  Mintzer,  U.  S.  Navy. 

These  enrious  coins  are  rare,  having  been  witbdrawn  from  circulation. 


Trans.  Asiat.  .Soc.  of  .hqian.  x,  No.  1,  p.  63. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXIII. 

Korean  Printing  Block. 

Printing  Block.  Of  wood ; end  ^yellge-sllaped  for  fitting  into  a holder.  Charac- 
ters hoth  sunken  and  engraved  in  relief.  Block  used  for  printing  the 
aljihabet  sheet  for  children.  Length,  17f  inches;  width,  8 inches.  (Cat. 
Xo.  77018,  U.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  hy  Ensign  J.  B.  Berna- 
dou,  U.  S.  X.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XXIII. 


6|yj/f UJ  ui, 


^wiSl 


Korean  Printing  Block. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


477 


Silver  coin  (Sam  jun).  Inscription,  “Great  Eastern  Kingdom,  two 
mace.”  Disk  of  enamel  in  center  of  obverse.  Debased  silver,  value 
about  30  cents. 

Diameter,  I inch. 

I Korea.  

Gift  of  IV.  A.  Mintzer,  U.  S.  Navy. 

These  coins  are  rare,  having  been  withdrawn  from  circulation. 

Korean  “cash”  (Dang-o-jnn).  Coins  made  of  an  alloy  of  copper,  tin, 
and  lead.  Square  bole  in  center  as  in  Chinese  coins.  Keverse  bears 
four  characters  giving  name  of  coin,  and  the  obverse  the  place  where 
it  was  made,  the  number  of  the  furnace,  and  the  value,  about  ^ of  a 
cent. 

Diameter,  If  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130863 

Collected  hy  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

This  coin  is  unpopular,  as  it  is  badly  made.  This  kind  of  money  was  first  in- 
troduced from  China  in  1884,  and  adopted  hy  the  Conservative  party. 

Cash  sword  (Soe  chun).  Chinese  cash,  tied  in  shape  of  sword  with 
colored  strings  and  decorated  with  silk  fringe. 

Length,  20  inches. 

Korea.  130908 

[ Collected  hy  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Generallj'  made  by  ladies  and  kept  as  curiosities. 

I Medal  (Buil  don).  Alloy  of  copper,  lead,  and  brass.  Cast.  A wide 
band  of  perforated  designs  of  the  long-life  symbols,  alike  on  either 
I side  of  the  medal,  surrounds  a central  circle  containing  on  one  side 
I the  Chinese  characters  signifying  “ His  Majesty;  (may  he  live)  ten 
thousand  years”  and  on  the  other  “ Wealth,  official  promotion,  many 
children.”  (3n  either  side  are  four  national  symbols.  Square  hole 
in  center.  Pierced  for  suspension. 

Diameter,  2J  J inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1889.  130876 

Collected  hy  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Struck  in  the  precincts  of  the  palace  at  the  times  of  the  establishment  of  the 
mint,  which  is  not  a permanent  fixture  of  the  Government. 

RECREATION  AND  AMUSEMENT. 

(JAMKS  OF  SKIM,  AND  CIIANCK.  A.’MU.SEMKNTS. 

Playing  cards  (T’ou-tjyen).  Eighty-one  long,  narrow  strips  of  oiled 
paper,  with  suit  signs  in  black.  Eight  suits:  The  man,  fish,  hawk, 
jiheasant,  deer,  .steer,  rabbit,  and  horse,  the  numerals  running  u]) 
to  nine  and  a general.  PI.  xxiv,  Eig.  1,  left  side. 

Length,  8 inches;  width,  one-quarter  of  an  inch. 

.Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77047 

Collected  l)y  Ensign  .1.  E.  llernadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Several  varieties  of  cards,  dilfering  as  to  tln^  number  of  suits,  are  jilayed  in 
Korea.  These  cards  resemble  the  lots  used  hy  Chinese  gamblers  to  determine 
luck. 


478 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 

Chinese  chessmen  (Tjang  keui),  Tliirty-two  hexagonal  bloeks  of 
I)ine  wood,  of  three  different  sizes.  Characters,  Chinese,  cut  in  the 
blocks  and  painted  blue  or  red.  PI.  xxiii,  Fig.  2,  lower  right- 
hand  corner. 

.Seoul,  Korea,  188.5.  77025 

('ollected  l)y  Ensign  J.  K.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  name  means  “game  of  war.”  It  is  eurions  that  the  rank  depends  on  the 
size  of  the  pieces,  as  in  ease  of  .Japanese  cliin.  Whether  more  ancient  in  type 
than  the  pieces  at  ])resent  used  in  China,  which  are  of  uniform  size,  is  conjectural. 
Played  on  a hoard  made  of  wood  or  paper. 

Dominoes  (Kolpai.  ‘‘Bone  game'’).  Thirty-two  ivory  dies  marked 
with  red  and  black  spots  large  and  .small.  PI.  xxiv,  Fig.  3.  upper 
right-hand  corner. 

Size  of  dies,  f inch  long;  one-half  inch  wi<le. 

.Seoul,  Korea.  1885.  77024 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  .S.  Navy. 

The  arrangement  of  the  spots  on  these  is  identical  with  the  dominoes  of  China 
and  it  is  probable  that  the  games  are  the  same.  In  this  game  five  or  six  can 
]day.  They  in  turn  cast  off  and  draw  until  one  player  gets  a suit  of  doubles 
from  one  to  six,  when  he  cries  “Suit,”  having  won.  Each  player  draws  five 
bones  at  first. 

Initiation  club  Anh  noo.se  (Yong-bag-maug  i and  Jul).  Wood;  head 
carved  to  represent  the  dragon ; painted  in  colors.  Cord  of  plaited 
.silk  attached  to  handle.  The  jul  is  a rope  made  of  strands  of  i)ink 
cotton  overplaited  by  pink,  blue,  and  yellow  silk  thread.  It  has  a 
running  noo.se  at  one  end. 

Length,  21  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151631-2 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .Tony. 

Kept  in  the  office  of  the  messengers  in  the  palace,  official  mansions,  and  gov- 
ernmental dej)artmeuts.  Newcomers  are  initiated  by  the  “society,”  who  pass 
the  noo.se  around  the  ankle  of  the  candidate  and  draw  up  his  foot  across  the 
knee.  Then  a set  of  difficult  que.stions  are  asked,  and  for  every  wrong  answer 
the  victim  receives  a blow  upon  the  sole.  This  initiation  is  with  a view  of 
getting  a treat.  Newly  married  men  are  also  put  through  a similar  ordeal  by 
their  friends. 


3IUSIC  AND  MUSICAL  INSTRUNIENTS. 

^lusic  is  an  important  in.stitution  in  Korea,  The  government  educates 
and  maintains  musicians  and  allows  bands  to  furnish  music  for  official 
receptions  and  at  the  palace. 

There  is  a system  of  notation ; the  notes  are  circles  and  their  tonal 
value  is  indicated  by  the  shaded  area. 

Vocal  classes  are  taught  the  range  through  which  the  voice  should 
rise  and  fall  by  the  inclination  of  a rod  in  the  hands  of  the  teacher. 
This  is  similar  in  effect  to  the  Thibetan  descriptive  scoi-e.  * 

There  are  many  mn.sical  in.struments  of  all  classes.  The  double- 
headed  drum  produces  four  distinct  sounds,  according  to  the  place 

' W.  W.  Rockhill:  Tlic  Laud  of  tlic  Lamas,  p.  88. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXIV. 

Korean  Games  of  Skill  and  Chance. 

Fig.  1.  Playing  Cards.  Eighty-one  long,  narrow  strips  of  oiled  paper  with  the 
suit  signs  written  on  them.  There  are  eight  suits — the  man,  tish,  hawk, 
[iheasant,  deer,  steer,  rabbit,  and  horse.  Length,  8 inches;  width,  inch. 
(Cat.  No.  77047,  U.  S.  N.  M.  .Seoul,  Korea.  Collected.hy  Ensign  J.  13. 
Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 

Fig.  2.  Chinkse  Chessmen.  Thirty-two  hexagonal  blocks  of  pine  wood,  of  three 
dilferent  sizes.  Characters,  Chinese;  cut  in  the  blocks  and  painted  red 
and  blue.  (Cat.  No.  7702.5,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by 
Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  ,S.  N.) 

Fig.  3.  Dominoes.  Thirty-two  ivory  dies,  marked  with  red  and  black  spots,  large 
and  small.  Size  of  die,  f inch  long,  4 inch  wide.  (Cat.  No.  77024,  U.  S. 
N.  M.  .Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  N.) 


Report  of  National  Museum.  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XXIV. 


Korean  Games  of  Skill  and  Chance. 


4 


♦Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XXV, 


Korean  Harp. 


Harp. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXV. 

Korean  Musical  Instrument. 

Body  long  and  narrow  with  half  oval  section,  made  of  jatropha  cnrcas 
wood,  the  “kiri”  of  Japan.  Six  strings,  tightened  by  buttons;  fourteen 
frets.  On  the  bottom  is  engraved  a verse  by  a Chinese  scholar;  ornamen- 
tation of  hats  and  fretwork  characters  appear  on  other  portions.  This  in- 
strument resembles  the  Japanese  Koto,  and  is  played,  like  the  latter,  with 
the  pleetron.  Length,  22^  inches.  (Cat.  No.  93569,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul, 
Korea.  Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadon,  U.  S.  N.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XXVI 


Korean  Dulcimer. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVI. 

Korean  Musical  Instrument. 

Dulcimku.  Flat,  hollow  box  of  o-clong  wood,  trapezoidal  in  shape;  with  lid. 

Twelve  groups  of  four  thin  brass  wires  each  are  stretched  across  the  box, 
over  and  beneath  two  diagonal  bridges.  Iron  pegs  and  tuning  keys. 
Played  by  striking  keys  with  a thin  strip  of  bamboo,  the  instrument  being 
held  by  placing  the  forefinger  in  a hole  beneath  the  box,  and  resting  the 
latter  on  the  tips  of  the  fingers  and  thumb.  Length,  22  inches;  width, 
61  inches;  height,  inches.  (Cat.  No.  130889,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea. 
Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen.)  » 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891.— Hough. 


Plate  XXVII 


Korean  Guidepost. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVII. 

Korean  Guidepost. 

Guidepost.  Rnde  log  of  wood  with  grotesquely  carved  human  face.  Wheu  coiu- 
l^lete  it  is  crowned  with  a hat,  has  large  ears,  and  thin  strips  along  either 
side  to  represent  clothing.  These  posts  are  placed  along  the  road  at  in- 
tervals of  half  a mile.  Complete  .specimens  are  about  6 feet  high,  are 
painted,  and  bear  on  the  front  an  inscription  showing  the  distances.  It  is 
believed  that  the  signpost  is  also  a shamanistic  idol  to  the  spirits  of  the 
place. 


(From  a sketch  from  nature  by  1’.  L..Jouy.) 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  479 


.truck;  by  combination  these  sounds  may  be  increased  to  sever.  The 
Irum  has  a hollow  wooden  body  of  hour-glass  shape;  the  heads  are 
Irawn  over  the  ends  of  the  body  and  extended  over  two  iron  rings. 
Che  lacing  of  rope  Avith  tighteners  runs  between  these  rings.  The 
arger  head  is  of  skin  and  the  smaller  of  membrane.  The  deepest 
.ound  is  made  by  striking  the  skin  head  in  the  center,  the  rim  gives 
mother  sound,  the  membrane  head  gives  a lighter,  noisier  sound. 

Iarp  (Kom  oun-to).  Body  long  and  narrow  Avith  half  oval  section, 
made  of  Jastropha  curcas  wood,  the  Kiri  of  Japan.  Six  strings 
tightened  by  buttons;  fourteen  frets.  On  the  bottom  a A crse  by  a 
Chinese  scholar  is  engraved;  ornamentation  of  bats  and  fretwork 
characters  appear  on  other  portions. 

PI.  XXV.  Length,  — inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  9356!) 

Collected  hy  Ensign  J.  B.  Beruadou,  IT.  S.  NaA'y. 

I This  instrument  rcsemhles  the  Japanese  koto  and  is  ])layed  like  it  Avith  the. 

plectrum.  It  is  placed  horizontally  on  the  floor  when  in  position  for  ])laying. 
Koreans  regard  it  quite  an  accomplishment  to  master  this  instrument. 

Dulcimer  (Yang-guni).  Flat,  holloAv  box  of  o dong  Avood,  trapezoidal 
in  .shape,  Avith  lid.  Ttvelve  groups  of  four  thin  brass  wires  each 
are  stretched  across  the  box  OA’er  and  beneath  two  diagonal 
bridges.  Iron  pegs  and  tuning  keys.  PI.  xxvi. 

Length,  22  inches;  width,  inches;  height,  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130889 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Played  hy  striking  the  strings  witli  a thin  strip  of  )>amhoo,  the  dulcimer 
being  held  hy  placing  the  foreflng(‘r  in  a hole  beneath  tlie  l)ox  and  resting  it 
on  the  tips  of  the  fingers  and  thumh.  The  long  side  is  held  toward  the  body, 
and  the  forward  and  middle  sections  of  the  strings  are  used.  This  instrument 

is  much  in  favor  among  the  educated  class  and  is  used  for  both  instrumental 

pieces  and  accompaniment. 

PUBLIC  CONVENIENCE  AND  SAFETY, 

JuiDE  POST  (Jaug-suug).  Kude  post  AA'ith  grotesquely  carved  human 
face.  When  complete  it  is  croAvned  Avith  a hat,  has  large  ears,  and 
thin  strijts  along  either  side  reiu'esent  clothing.  I’l.  xxvii. 

Lengtli,  29J  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  129484 

Collected  hy  P.  L.  .louy. 

Placed  along  country  roadsides  at  intervals  of  half  a mile.  Comjilete  s))eci. 
mens  are  about  6 feet  high,  are  ]iainted,  and  bear  on  the  front  an  inscrijition 
showing  the  distances.  It  is  believed  (hat  this  Jang  sung  is  a shamanistie  idol 
to  the  spirits  of  the  jilaee  as  well  as  a guide  post. 

TIIF.  ART  OF  AVAR. — AVEAPONS  AND  ARMOR. 

Vrmor  ((iap-ot).  Consists  of  a coat,  helmet,  and  Avide  Ix'lt  made  ui> 
of  many  thi<!knes.ses  of  coarse,  cotton  cloth,  covered  Avitli  yelloAv 
stuff.  The  coat  is  made  up  of  Iavo  Avide  Haps  connected  by  a band. 


480 


KEPOKT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 

Armor — Continued. 

which  passes  over  the  left  shouldei-.  Tliese  tlaps  are  (;ut  out  to  fit 
tlie  neck  and  have  tying  strings  at  either  side,  A plastron  of  cloth 
is  hung  over  the  chest.  The  sm  faee  of  portions  of  the  coat  is 
printed  with  Sanskrit  dharani  oi'  ju  ayers  for  victory.  A belt  resem-  " 
bling  those  worn  by  Korean  women  at  the  present  time,  but  much  ' 
thicker,  is  intended  to  be  tied  around  the  waist.  The  helmet  is 
thickly  i)addcd  and  stiffened  by  four  perpendicular  bands  of  iron 
riveted  through  the  cloth  and  terminating  in  a brass  bell  at  the  top. 
Tliere  is  an  iron  visor  in  front.  There  are  wide  and  heavy  epaulles, 
or  shoulder  protectors,  one  on  eacli  side  and  at  the  reai-.  The  hel- 
met also  bears  Sanskrit  and  Korean  prayers  for  victory,  PI, 
XXVIII. 

Length  of  coat,  34  inches;  width,  30  incJies.  Lengtli  of  belt,  54  inches; 
width,  11  inches.  Height  of  helmet,  12  inches. 

Korea.  128344  i 

Dei)osited  hy  Dr.  G.  Brown  Goode. 

This  kind  of  armor  has  heen  in  use  in  Korea  for  tliree  hundred  years,  bnt  is 
not  now  employed  (Soh).  The  specimen  is  very  old.  Korean  infantry  were 
etpiipped  with  this  armor  np  to  a short  time  ago  (Griffis's  Corea,  p.  417).  The  ' 
Chinese  made  nse  of  padded  armor,  hut  it  seems  never  to  have  heen  employed 
in  Japan. 

Arrows  (Hual-sal),  Pamboo  shafts,  iron  heads,  triple  feathering;  the 
long  ones  are  used  by  bowmen,  the  shorter  ones  with  heavy  heads 
are  for  children’s  games.  PI.  xxix,  figs.  1,  2,  and  3,  upper  por 
tiou  of  plate. 

Length,  20  to  32f  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130878 

Collected  hy  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

The  arrows  in  a quiver  are  always  numhered.  , 

Case  with  arrows  (Juu-dong).  Arrows  same  as  130878.  Case  of 
stiff,  waterproof  paiier,  with  cap  cover  and  wooden  ends.  Deco-  i 
rated  with  a conventional  design  in  India  ink.  PI,  xxix,  fig.  4. 

Length  of  case,  35  inches;  arrows,  33f  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  153611 

Collected  by  W.  tV.  Rockhill. 

This  case  or  quiver  is  the  regulation  one  carried  hy  the  Korean  soldiery. 

Quiver  (Jun-dong).  Bamboo  cylinder  carved  with  flowers  and  birds 
in  low  relief  on  a lacquered  ground.  Cap  with  hinge;  two  cleats 
by  which  the  suspending  string  is  fastened.  PI,  xxix,  fig.  5,  lower 
line. 

Length,  45  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130878 

Collected  hy  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Carried  over  the  shoulder.  The  how  and  arrow  are  not  commonly  in  nse  in 
Korea  at  present. 


Aumok. 


\ 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVIII. 

Ancient  Korean  Armor. 

Consists  of  a coat,  helmet,  and  -wide  belt  made  up  of  many  thicknesses  of 
coarse  cotton  cloth,  covered  with  yellow  stnti'.  The  coat  is  made  up  ot 
two  wide  flaps  connected  hy  a hand  which  passes  over  the  left  shoulder. 
T’hese  flajis  are  cut  out  to  tit  the  neck  and  are  tied  at  either  side.  A 
plastron  of  cloth  is  hnug  over  the  chest.  The  surface  of  portions  of  the 
coat  is  printed  with  Sanscrit  dharani,  or  prayers  for  victory.  A belt  re- 
sembling those  worn  hy  Korean  women  at  the  present  time,  hut  much 
thicker,  is  tied  around  the  waist.  The  helmet  is  padded,  and  is  stifteued 
hy  fo\ir  ])erpeudicular  hands  of  iron  riveted  through  the  cloth  and  termi- 
nating in  a brass  bell  at  the  apex.  Visor,  small;  wide  and  heavy  6paules, 
one  at  each  side  and  at  the  hack.  The  helmet  has  also  Sanscrit  dharani 
written  upon  it.  Length  of  coat,  34  inches;  width,  30  inches.  Length 
of  belt,  54  inches;  width,  11  inches.  Height  of  helmet,  12  inches.  (Cat. 
No.  128344,  U.  S.  N.  id.  Korea.  Deposited  hy  Dr.  G.  Brown  Goode.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough 


Plate  XXVIII 


Ancient  Korean  Armor 


c-> 


fbt’x 

A 


EXPLANATJON  OF  PLATE  XXIX. 

Korean  Arrows  and  Quiver. 

Figs.  1,  2,  and  3.  Arrows.  Bamboo  shafts,  iron  lieads,  tri])le  feathering;  the  long 
arrows  are  use<l  by  bowmen,  tlie  short  one  for  children’s  games.  Shorter 
arrow,  20  inches  long;  regular  arrow,  32J  inches  long.  (Cat.  No.  130878, 
r.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Dr.  li.  N.  Allen.) 

Fig.  4.  Cask  with  Arrows.  Contains  numbered  arrows  like  those  described  above. 

Case  of  stiff,  water-proof  paper  with  cap  cover  and  wooden  ends.  Decor- 
ated with  a conventional  design  in  India  ink.  The  regulation  case  canted 
by  the  Korean  soldiery.  Length  of  case,  35  inches;  arrows,  ,33|  inches  long. 
(Cat.  No.  1.53611,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Cidlected  by  W.  IV.  Kockhill.) 
Fig.  5.  Qun'KR.  Bamljoo  of  cylinder  carved  with  flowers  and  birds  in  low  relief  on  - 
a laciiuered  ground.  Cap  carved  with  spirals;  lirass  hinge;  two  cleats 
fastened  on  side  of  tube  for  the  suspending  cord.  Length,  45  inches. 
(Cat.  No.  130878,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N. 
Allen.) 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XXIX. 


Korean  Arrows  and  Quiver. 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  481 


Arrow  point  straightener  (Hwal-cbok-ba-ru-jap-miu-gut).  White 
bone  spur  with  two  square  inetal-lined  holes.  Ring  for  suspension. 

Length,  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  1.51630 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .Jouy. 

Used  as  a wrench  to  straighten  the  points  of  arrows. 

Ornamental  bow  and  bow-case  (Hwal  liwal-jip).  Bow,  Tatar 
shape,  lactjuered  bamboo,  wrapped  at  middle  with  strips  of  bright- 
colored  wool.  String,  of  cotton ; case,  of  leather  heavily  lacquered ; 
one  side  curved  to  fit  the  bow ; decorated  with  silver  disks  and 
rings. 

Length  of  how,  20^  inches;  length  of  case,  16  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  153147 

Collected  by  W.  W.  Rockhill. 

Clasped  under  the  left  shoulder  according  to  the  old  custom  by  officers  in 
uniform.  L"sed  only  for  ornament,  and  with  it  is  carried  the  holder  containing 
arrows. 

Arrow-holder  and  blank  arrows  (Dong  ga).  Holder  made  of 
Japanese  leather  ornamented  ttuth  silver  disks  and  sewed  along 
edges  with  colored  silk.  Arrows  of  lacquered  bamboo  with  broad 
white  feathering,  i^o  points. 

Length,  26  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151147 

Collected  by  W.  W.  Rockhill. 

Worn  by  the  king  and  officers  at  the  procession.  Hung  beneath  the  left 
arm  pit.  Carried  also  by  officers  who  receive  military  orders  from  the  king. 

Bow  AND  PRACTICE  ARROWS.  Bow,  compound,  made  of  wood  and 
bamboo  wound  with  the  bark  of  a tree  and  ox  sinew.  Arrows 
made  of  bamboo  with  iron  points;  inferior  specimens. 

Bow,  39  inches  long;  arrows,  34  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  129503 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Bow  (Hwal).  Curved  Tatar  form  made  of  bamboo  and  horn  wound 
with  ox  sinew,  wrapped  with  green  leather  at  the  nocks  and 
lacquert^d  black.  When  unstrung  it  is  strongly  recurved. 

Length,  44  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130877 

Collected  by  Dr.  11.  N.  Allen. 

This  bow  is  probably  intended  for  boys'  practice.  Korean  bows  are  very 
l>owerful,  two  men  being  re<[uircd  to  string  them,  and  painful  and  serious  acci- 
dents sometimes  occur  should  the  bow  slij)  during  the  operation. 

Saber  (Hwan-do).  Straight,  heavy,  iron  blade,  (iuard,  an  octagonal 
plate  of  iron.  Hilt,  wood  wrapped  with  enameled  leather.  Scab- 
bard, wood  covered  with  flaxen  canvas,  hnaptered.  Bound  with 
brass.  Poorly  made  weapon.  PI.  xxx,  iq)i)er  figure. 

Length,  33 J inidies;  blade,  1 inch  wide,  J inch  thick  at  back. 

Korea,  1875.  72897 

Collected  by  Wm.  B.  Brooks,  11.  S.  Navy. 

Captured  in  1871  by  Uuitt'd  States  forces  under  command  of  .\<lmiral  .John 
Rodgers,  U.  S.  Navy.  Worn  by  common  soldiers.  This  sword  belonged  to  Pak 
Do  Gun. 

SM  1)1,  PT  2 


482 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 


Sword  (Hwau-do).  Hilt  and  scabbard  of  hard  wood  with  elegant 
fretted,  foliated  carving,  illustrating  the  ten  long  lives,  viz,  sun, 
moon,  swans,  deei',  etc.  Mounted  with  copper  gilt  fittings;  spring 
in  hilt  holds  sword  in  ]>lace.  Blade,  curved.  PI.  xxx,  lower  hgure. 

Length,  25|  inches;  hlade,  17^  inches. 

Seoul,  Koreiii.  1.51601 

Uollected  hy  P.  L.  .Jouy. 

Worn  by  all  ofticer.s  in  uniforni.  Such  swords  a, re  made,  to  order  in  (he  dis- 
tricts of  Jnn-ju  and  Na-jii. 

Matchlock  oun  (Chong).  Short  stock  of  hard  wood ; octagonal 
barrel;  smooth  bore.  Match  of  twisted  tow.  PI.  xxxi. 

Length,  4 feet. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151280 

Collected  by  W.  W.  Rockhill. 

Held  upon  the  shoulder  wheii  (iring,  not  against  it.  These  guns  were  used  in 
Korea  from  about  three  hundred  years  ago  up  to  1881.  Some  troops  still  are 
armed  with  them. 

Priming  horn  (Oui-iak-tong).  Tip  of  a horn  with  orifice  clo.sed  by  a 
spring  of  horn.  PI.  xxxi,  fig.  1,  lower  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Length,  3|  inches. 

Korea,  1871.  72899 

Collected  hy  Win.  B.  Brooks,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Resembles  the  Burmese  primer.  (See  Jour.  Society  of  Arts,  .Jan.  26,  1886, 
p.  351.)  A relic  of  the  skirmish  of  June,  1871. 

Bullet  bag  (Ohong-al-nut-nun-gut).  Two  thicknesses  of  coarse  cot- 
ton. The  bullets  are  sprung  out  from  a bird’s  bill  device.  PI.  xxxi, 
fig.  2,  lower  line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Length,  9 inches. 

Korea,  1871.  72898 

Collected  by  Wm.  B.  Brooks,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Trophy  of  the  engagement  of  June,  1871. 

Powder  case  and  charger  (lak-tong).  Octagonal  box  of  Jastropha 
curcas  wood,  in  rude  imitation  of  a turtle.  The  charger,  an  ivory 
tube,  slides  into  a recess  in  front  of  the  case.  PI.  xxxi,  fig.  3,  lower 
line  (commencing  at  the  left). 

Length,  6|  inches;  width,  inches;  height,  2-^  inches. 

Korea,  1871.  72900 

Collected  by  W.  B.  Brooks,  U.  S.  Navy. 

This  is  a trophy  of  tlie  engagement  of  June,  1871,  between  the  United  States 
fleet,  under  command  of  Admiral  John  Rodgers,  and  the  Koreans. 

Military  badge  ( Hyoung]>ai).  Two  squares  of  blue  silk,  embroidered. 
Design,  the  Manchurian  white  crane  flying  in  the  clouds,  holding  a 
spray  of  ‘‘immortal”  grass  in  its  beak.  The  stitch  is  mainly  plain 
embroidery,  or  plumage  stich,  but  some  Kensington  and  stem  stitch 
is  used.  The  embroidery  is  well  done. 

Ten  inches  square. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77030 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Beruadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  design  is  purely  symbolic.  The  crane  holds  in  its  bill  a sprig  of  gras.s, 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXX. 

Korean  Swords. 

(Upper  ii'  ire.) 

Fig.  1.  Saber.  Straijrht,  heavy,  iron  blade.  Guard,  an  octagonal  plate  of  iron; 

hilt,  wrapped  with  enameled  leatlier;  scabbard,  wood  covered  with 
lacciuercd  tiaxen  canvas.  Bound  with  brass;  a poorly  made  weapon. 
Captured  in  1871  by  United  States  naval  forces.  Length,  33}  inches; 
blade,  1 inch  wide;  inch  thick  at  hack.  (Cat.  No.  72897,  U.  S.  N.  M. 
Korea.  Collected  by  W.  B.  Brooks,  U.  S.  N.) 

(Lower  figure.) 

Fig.  2.  Sword.  Hilt  and  scabbard  of  hard  wood,  with  elegant  fretted,  foliated 
carving,  illustrating  the  ten  long  lives,  viz.,  sun,  moon,  swans,  deer,  etc. 
Mounted  with  copper  gilt  fittings;  guard,  perforated  iron  in  conventional 
pattern;  spring  in  hilt  holds;  sword  in  scabbard.  Blade  of  steel;  grace- 
ful curve.  Worn  by  officers.  Length,  2.5|  inches;  length  of  blade,  17} 
inches.  (Cat.  No.  151601,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Collected  by  P.  L.  Jouy.l 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XXX. 


Korean  Swords. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXI. 

Korean  Gun  and  Accoutrements. 

(Upper  fipire.) 

Fig.  1.  Match-lock  Gcx.  Short  .stock,  of  hard  wood;  octagonal  barrel;  smooth 
bore.  Trigger  and  sights.  Stock  decorated  with  bands  of  cherry  bark. 
Match  of  twi.sted  tow.  Held  upon  the  shoulder  when  firing.  Length,  4 
feet.  (Cat.  Xo.  151280,  U.  S.  X.  M.  Seoul,  Korea.  Collected  by  W.  W. 
Eockhill.l 

(Lower  line,  commencing  at  the  left.) 

Fig.  1.  Priming  Horn.  Ti]>  of  a horn  with  orifice  in  the  point  closed  by  a strip  of 
horn  forming  a spring  and  allowing  a few  grains  of  powder  to  fall  out 
upon  jtressure.  A relic  of  skirmish  of  June,  1871.  Length,  inches. 
(Cat.  X’o.  72899,  U.  S.  X.  M.  Korea.  Collected  by  W.  W.  Rockhill.) 

Fig.  2.  Bullet  Bag.  Two  thicknesses  of  coarse  cotton.  The  bullets  are  sprung 
out  from  a bird’s  bill  device  in  wood.  A relic  of  1871.  Length,  9 inches, 
(Cat.  X’o.  72898,  L’.  S.  X’.  M.  Korea.  Collected  by  W.  B.  Brooks,  U.  S.  X’.) 

Fig.  3.  Powder  Case  and  Charger.  Octagonal  box  of  jatropha  curcas  wood,  in 
rude  imitation  of  a turtle.  The  charger,  an  ivory  tube,  slides  into  a recess 
in  front  of  the  case.  A relic  of  1871.  Length,  inches ; width,  4rJ-  inches ; 
height,  24  inches.  (Cat.  Xo.  72900,  U.  S.  X’.  M.  Korea.  Collected  by  4V. 
B.  Brooks,  U.  S.  X.)  ^ 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XXXI 


Korean  Gun  and  Accoutrements. 


J 


• ■) 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  483 


Military  badoe — Contimu'd. 

which  confers  immortality  upon  its  possessor.  At  the  base  of  the  s(iuare  are 
overhii)ping  circles  representing  waves,  often  seen  at  the  bases  of  Japanese  and 
Korean  vases  and  on  money  typical  of  circulation.  These  waves  dash  against 
the  living  rock.  In  the  midst  of  the  waters  stands  a rock  covered  with  immor- 
tal grass  and  hearing  a “Buddhist  cross”  or  swastika.  Worn  by  civil  officers 
of  the  lower  house.  One  of  the  s(juares  is  attached  to  the  front  and  one  to  the 
hack  of  the  officer’s  robe. 

GOVERNMENT  AND  LAW, 

Oej'icer’s  baton  (DuBK-cliii).  Kod  covered  witli  .sliagreen  bound 
with  silver  ferules;  the  part  held  in  the  hand  covered  with  wash 
leather.  A tie  of  blue  woolen  fabric  with  a loop  for  the  wrist  and 
pendants  of  light  blue  silk  are  attached  to  the  baton. 

Length,  .30  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151171 

Collected  by  W.  W.  Rockhill. 

Carried  only  with  full  dress  uniform.  In  old  times  the  baton  was  made  of 
bamboo,  to  which  was  attached  thongs  of  leather,  serving  in  battle  as  a whip 
and  also  used  as  a drinking  tube.  It  is  only  displayed  for  ornauieiit  at  the 
present. 

Korean  national  flag  (Gook-gi).  White  silk,  with  the  national 
symbol  (ta-guk),  two  comma-shaped  spirals  tilling  a circle  in  red 
and  blue,  and  four  geomantic  signs  (pal-qua)  at  the  four  corners  of 
the  flag. 

Length,  14  inches;  width,  21  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1884.  151638 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .louy. 

This  flag  was  adopted  in  1881. 

Button  for  soldier’s  hat  (Guidon).  White  soapstone,  circular; 
carved  on  one  surface  with  the  national  symbol. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1884.  151629 

Collected  by  P.  L.  Jouy. 

For  decorating  the  hat  of  the  common  soldier. 

Peacock  feather  ornament  (Kong-tjang-mi),  Bunch  of  feathers 
arranged  in  fan  shape  and  inclosed  in  a lead  swivel  button  pierced 
for  suspension. 

Length,  8 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77036 

Collecti-d  by  Ensign  .1.  H.  |{cinaidou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  ix^acock  feather  in  Korea  and  China  is  a sign  of  official  rank  or  )iromotion. 
This  ornament  is  worn  l)y  military  officers  and  by  sohliers  of  certain  guards 
near  the  King. 


484 


REPOET  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 

SCIENCE,  RELIGION,  EDUCATION,  AND  HUMAN  ACHIEVEMENT. 

RELIGIOUS  CEREMONIAL  OBJECTS. 

Image  of  IJuddiia.  Stone  figure  lieavily  gilt.  Bmldlia  in  contem- 
plative attitude  seated  on  the  lotus.  Base,  painted  red.  Well 
carved. 

Height,  14  inches. 

Korea,  1885.  151600 

Collected  hy  P.  L.  .loiiy. 

The  black  line  over  the  forehead  shows  the  degree  of  Saint  or  Lower  Bnddha 
in  wisdom.  Obtained  from  a monastery  in  Tong-ua. 

Prayer  beads  (Yum-jn).  A ro.sary  of  108  beads  made  of  nuts.  Some 
of  the  larger  beads  at  the  beginning  and  divisions  are  made  of  glass 
and  wood. 

Korea.  151612 

Collected  by  P.  1j.  .louy. 

The  regular  Buddhist  rosary  use<l  by  j)riests. 

Figure  of  Tiger  God  (Ho  rang  i-san-sin).  AVooden  image,  rudely 
carved,  representing  a tiger  in  erect  position  with  fore  legs  held  up. 
Painted  and  gilded. 

Height,  6i^  inches. 

Monastery  at  Wonsan  (Gensan),  Korea,  1885.  131608 

Collected  by  P.  L.  ,Iouy. 

Censer  ( Hiang-no).  Bronze;  globular  vase  supi»orted  on  three  figures. 
Lid  pierced  and  surmounted  by  figure  of  Shishi,  the  Sky  lion. 

Height,  4|  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  151618 

Collected  by  P.  L.  Jouy. 

Used  in  the  temple  service.  It  should  be  set  upon  the  table  so  that  one  foot 
goes  in  front  and  two  behind. 

Temple  bell  (Mok-tak).  Block  of  hard  pine  hollowed  out  in  center 
to  leave  two  thin  sounding  plates.  Striker,  a stick  7 inches  long. 
Patches  of  fiber  cloth  are  glued  over  the  upper  parts  of  the  orifice 
to  increase  the  resonance  and  also  to  prevent  splitting. 

Height,  5i  inches;  width,  3 inches. 

Wonnsan  (Gensan),  Korea.  151619 

Collected  by  P.  L.  .Jouy. 

Of  the  form  known  in  .Jap.an  as  suzu.  It  is  used  by  Buddhist  priests  in  some 
services  in  the  temple,  where  it  is  applied  for  ordinary  religious  performances, 
while  the  larger  bronze  bell  is  reserved  for  a higher  ceremony.  In  the  temple 
this  bell  is  sounded  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  the  meal.  Priests  while  travel- 
ing carry  a hell  like  this  specimen. 

Magical  formula  (Dharani  in  Sanscrit,  Taniui  in  Korean),  Bud- 
dhist prayers  in  Sanskrit  characters  buried  with  the  dead. 

Length,  10^  inches;  width,  6J  inches. 

Korea.  151699 

Collected  by  W.  W.  Rockhill. 

Written  in  Sanskrit  of  the  Nepalese  style;  jireiiared  by  Buddhist  priests  and 
sold  to  believers.  At  the  time  of  burial  the  papers  .are  placed  on  the  heart  of 
the  corpse  under  the  clothing  to  propitiate  s]»irits. 


. . V 

. r-i  . 


Report  of  National  Museum,  1891. — Hough. 


Plate  XXXII. 


Korean  Expiatory  Offering. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXII. 

Korean  Expiatory  Offering. 

Straw  Max.  Bundle  of  straw  tied  with  hoops  of  straw  into  the  outline  of  the  head 
and  trunk  of  a man.  Arms  and  legs  fastened  to  the  body.  Some  bits  of 
money  are  put  in  this  figure,  and  it  is  thrown  away  under  the  impres.sion 
that  the  influence  of  an  evil  star  may  be  overcome  when  the  image  is  torn 
to  pieces.  Length,  27  inches.  (Cat.  No.  770.51,  U.  S.  N.  M.  Seoul,  Korea. 
Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  N.) 


KOEEAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  485 


Pagoda  (Tap).  (Model.)  Pieces  of  white  jnaible,  graded  in  size,  ])iled 
up  on  a wooden  core  and  set  on  a wooden  base.  The  top  repre- 
sents the  lotus. 

Height,  lof  inches. 

Anchu  City,  Korea.  130888 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

A toy  for  children.  The  marble  is  produced  in  the  district  of  Sungchun. 

Straw  man  (Tchoung).  Bundle  of  straw  tied  with  hoops  of  straw 
into  the  outline  of  the  head  and  trunk  of  a man.  Arms  and  legs 
fastened  to  the  body.  PI.  xxxii. 

Length,  28  inches.  ’ 

Seoul,  Korea,  188.5.  77051 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Beruadon,  U.  S.  Navy. 

“ When  a man  feels  a longing  to  be  better  and  to  get  rid  of  his  sins,  he  goes 
to  a Buddhist  priest  and  buys  a straw  figure  like  this.  The  priest  tells  him 
that  he  will  be  absolved  if  he  dresses  the  image  in  clothes  like  his  own,  puts 
plenty  of  cash  in  the  straw  man’s  belly,  and  tosses  it  into  the  road.  The  poor 
people  tear  the  image  to  pieces  to  get  the  cash  and  the  man’s  guilt  flies  away.” 
(Pin.)  This  idea  is  evidently  translated  into  the  language  of  another  religion 
than  that  of  the  Koreans. 

“ Along  the  road  were  numbers  of  straw  effigies,  such  as  are  m.ade  at  New 
Year’s  season  and  sold  for  a few  cents  cash.  Somewhat  human  in  .shape,  about 
a foot  and  a half  in  length,  each  is  sui)posed  to  be  the  likene.ss  of  some  one. 
Inside  is  a little  cash,  and  accompanying  it  is  a written  statement,  saying 
whom  it  represents,  with  a prayer  for  the  coming  year.  The  object  is  to  rid 
one’s  self  of  this  as  the  .Tews  did  the  scapegoat.  Sometimes  they  are  burned, 
but  oftener  are  kept  till  the  evening  of  the  14th  day  of  the  first  month,  when 
wandering  beggars  come  by,  calling,  ‘ Give  ns  tchoung.’  'The  mannikin  is 
])assed  through  the  partially  opened  gate,  it  and  the  misfortunes  of  the  year 
becauniug  the  property  of  the  old  beggar,  who  sells  his  peace  of  soul  for  the 
few  cash  inside  the  tchoung.”  (Rev.  .1.  S.  Gale  in  the  Korean  Rej)ository, 
Seoul.  Vol.  I,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1892.) 

Astrology  is  an  imimrtant  science  in  Korea.  It  is  quite  ]>o.ssible  that  the 
true  ex)>lanation  of  the  tchoung  is  astrcdogical.  Tbe  following  tabh;  seems  to 
indicate  this : 

Jik  SiuKj,  official  or  ruUny  nturs. 


No. 

English. 

Korean. 

Cliine.se. 

Translation. 

1 

Na* 

(Na) 

2 

'I'o 

Ktirtli 

2 

Mool 

Sn  . 

WjiIdi* 

4 

StM' 

Mctiil 

r> 

Nal 

II 

Sun 

() 

Jiool 

Eire. 

7 

Ke,» 

Kedo 

H 

J)al 

Wol 

9 

]»iil  

Mok 

Plants. 

* Mr.  Soil  does  not  know  to  wliicli  planets  or  heavenly  hodies  these  Korean  names  refer. 


When  a Korean  child  attains  a certiiin  age  he  comes  nniler  the  influence  of 
the  )»lanets  and  in  the  order  of  the  above  table  he  falls  umb'r  the  sway  of  good  or 
biid  stars.  The  first  jteriod  (tchoung)  is  accounted  bad  iind  himoe  reeonr.se  is  had 
to  the  ex|)iation  of  the  straw  image,  tehoiitig.  (.Soli.) 


480 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 

ROOKS  AND  LITERATURE. 

Korcmi  thought  hits  always  been  directed  through  tlie  channels  of 
Chinese  learning.  There  aiiparently  nevei’  wa.s  a characteri.stic  litera- 
ture of  Korea;  the  whole  plan  of  education  is  Chinese,  and  the  language 
of  the  country,  with  its  beautiful  alphabet,  is  correspondingly  neglected. 
Korean  scholars  are  as  proficient  in  the  Chinese  classic  style  as  tho.se 
of  China  itself.  Kooks  lu  inted  in  the  common  character  are  few  and 
little  read. 

The  education  of  the  child  begins  with  the  alphabet.  He  must  com- 
mit to  memory  the  “ Thou.sand  Character  Classic.”  a Chinese  rhymed 
vocabulary  of  so  many  words,  no  two  alike.  For  the  impil  it  is  ar- 
ranged thus:  the  Chinese  character,  its  meaning  in  Korean  and  its 
Chinese  name  in  Korean.  After  reading  this  three  times  the  student 
begins  to  write.  The  remainder  of  the  cour.se  is  in  ordinary  Chine.se 
schoolbooks.  (See  Boss’s  Corea,  p.  306.) 

Schoolbook.  Title,  “ Elegant  phrases  accorded  to  classes,  copied 
complete.”  Consists  of  the  “ Thousand  Character  Classic  ” or 
“door,”  the  “Hundred  Family  Karnes,”  “Correct  and  Colloquial 
Variations  of  Chinese  Pronunciation  and  Chinese  Conversations  in 
Chinese,  Transliterated  with  the  Korean  Letters.”  Most  of  the 
book  is  taken  up  Avith  “Chinese  phrases  and  terms”,  beginning 
Avith  Astronomy  and  Meteorology,  embracing  many  subjects,  in 
eluding  Divination.  41  leaves. 

.Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77122 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  >S.  Navy. 

Korean  Book.  Entitled  in  Chinese  “ Sicuo  Myo  yo  ri.  Mun  tap.” 
Holy,  excellent,  important  doctrine.  (Questions  and  ansAvers. 

.Seoul,  Korea,  1884.  77120. 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  .S.  Navy. 

A catechism  issued  by  the  .Jesuits. 

Banskrit-Chinese-Korean  book.  Entitled  “Pi  mih  Kiao,”  or 
“ Secret  rehgion.”  Made  up  of  magical  formula  or  dharani,  written 
in  a kind  of  Sanskrit  resembling  Nepalese,  which  to  the  uninitiated 
is  secret  or  hidden.  Tavo  prefaces,  one  Avritten  under  the  noni 
depbowe  of  “ Hia  Shan,  pu  Lao  Sou,”  or  the  “Summer  Hill  Old 
Vagabond,”  dated  1644.  Second  iireface  Avas  Avritten  by  a Bud- 
dhist monk  of  the  monasteiy  of  Full  Lin  Shan,  date  July,  1652. 
Boidc  is  Avithout  title-page  or  coloplion.  Printed  in  Korea,  on 
native  jiaper. 

Buddhist  Temple  of  Pong-yang,  Korea,  1885.  77121 

Collected  bj^  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  >S.  Navy. 

The  book  begins  with  the  “on-moun,”  or  Korean  al))habet,  .said  to  have  been 
inventeil  about  the  eighth  or  ninth  century  of  our  era  by  a bonze  named  Syiil- 
chongi.  The  sounds  of  this  are  defined  by  Chinese  characters,  for  wbicli  the 
student  is  directed  to  substitute  the  sound  of  the  corresponding  word  in  the 
Korean  colloquial  language.  The  bulk  of  the  book  is  taken  up  with  prayers, 
(dharani)  addressed  to  AA'alokitshwara,  and  begin  with  om  or  om-mani  padme- 


KOREAN  COLLECTIONS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.  487 


Sanskrit-C'hinese-Kokean  book — Cotitiuued. 

hum.  The  “secret”  or  “ mysterioii.s”  characters  are  a inodilication  of  the  San- 
skrit aljjhahet  asci'ihed  to  Brahma,  and  seem  to  he  identical  with  those  used  in 
the  Sanskrit  books,  said  to  have  heeii  brought  to  Japan  bj'  Kobo  Daishi  early 
in  the  ninth  century. — (Dr.  D.  B.  McCartie.) 

Manuscript  Buddhist  religious  work.  Taipo-pumo-euu-tcliyang- 
kying,  “ Parents’  very  precious  eveiiiug-bell  prayer  book.”  Written 
in  Korean  cliaracters  of  the  square  or  book  form.  It  contains 
tales  of  the  life  of  Buddha  for  popular  instruction  in  Buddhism ; 
74  pages. 

Size,  14  by  8}-^  inches. 

Seonl,  Korea,  1885.  77123 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Good  paper  and  excellent  writing;  most  probably  that  of  a lady. 

Manual  of  the  four  rites.  The  Sa-ryei-pyel-lam,  a Chinese  work 
giving  description  of  the  ceremonies  of  capping,  or  assuming  the 
cap  of  manhood;  marriage;  death  and  burial,  and  sacrifices  to 
ancestors.  Four  volumes. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77124 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

This  is  the  great  Chinese  haudbook  of  etiquette. 

Korean  printed  book  for  children.  A text-book  used  in 
schools;  title,  “The  five  rules  of  deportment”  (O-run-hang-sil). 
Biographical  accounts  of  persons,  principally  Chinese,  wlio  believed 
in  the  five  moral  sentiments  of  Confucius.  Printed  in  Korean  and 
Chinese  characters;  date,  1876;  illustrated. 

Size,  12^  by  8^  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130585 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

The  five  rules  are:  1.  Honor  to  jiareuts;  2.  Love  to  brothers;  3.  Love  to 
neighbors  and  friends;  4.  Love  of  country;  5.  Love  of  wife  and  children. 
Korean  children  over  teu  years  old  read  this  book  and  learn  morals  and  religion 
from  it.  It  is  the  custom  of  the  King  ou  the  1st  of  January  to  order  the  head 
of  the  bureau  of  education  (Mr.  Kim,  in  this  instance)  to  print  a large  number 
of  copies  of  this  work  and  to  distribute  them  to  the  boys  of  the  district 
schools.  This  book  is  interesting  for  tlie  glimpse  it  gives  of  th<^  Korean  educa- 
tional system. 

Manuscript  Korean  book.  “The  war  between  Korea  and  Japan.” 
(Im-jin-lok.)  Clearly  wiitten  in  native  characters  on  fine  jiapei. 

Size,  9^  by  7 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1884.  130583 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

This  is  an  abridgmeut  of  an  official  history  of  the  war  near  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  in  70  volumes.  The  account  is  incorrect. 

Korean  Book.  “ An  account  of  the  Eastern  nations.”  ( Ye-un.)  Na- 
tive characters,  paper,  and  style. 

Measurements,  12|  by  8 inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1884.  130584 

Collected  by  Ensign  J.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

This  book  was  written  about  ten  years  ago,  in  order  to  mold  the  rising 
sentiment  in  favor  of  Western  civilization. 


488  REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1891. 

Gospel  of  Mark  (Maga-jun).  Printed  in  Korea  ni»on  Japanese 
paper.  Translated  from  English  intf)  Korean. 

Li-ngth,  8|  inches;  width,  .5|  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130882 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Novel  (Hung-boo  jun).  Printed  on  cheap  native  paper. 

Length,  191  inches;  width.  7j  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea.  130881 

Collected  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen. 

Popular  wonder  story  of  the  brothers  Hung-bu  and  Nol-bii.  Dramatized  in 
Korea.  Translated  by  Dr.  Allen  in  “Korean  Fairy  Tales.” 

Map  of  Seoul,  the  Korean  capital.  Drawn  by  a native.  Col 
ored ; very  poor  cartography,  not  drawn  to  scale,  and  having  no 
profile  hatchings. 

Size,  261  by  40  inches. 

Seoul,  Korea,  1885.  77067 

Collected  by  Ensign  .1.  B.  Bernadou,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Shows  Nam-san,  or  South  Mountain,  where  signal  fires  are  lighted  nightly, 
also  the  Ponk  an,  or  North  Fortress,  and  the  walls  and  gates  of  the  city.  The 
two  principal  streets  are  also  shown,  and  the  streams  indicated  as  running 
through  the  city  are  in  reality  wide  ditches,  in  which  refu.se  is  thrown,  and 
which  are  only  thoroughly  cleaned  out  at  the  time  of  the  heavy  summer  rains. 
The.se  ditches  are  spanned  by  heavy  stone  bridges.  The  extensive  grounds  of 
the  King’s  palace  are  also  shown. 


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